Research methods : a modular approach / Sherri L. Jackson.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 316-317) and index.

Thinking Like a Scientist -- Science and Psychology -- Areas of Psychological Research -- Psychobiology -- Cognition -- Human Development -- Social Psychology -- Psychotherapy -- Sources of Knowledge -- Superstition and Intuition -- Authority -- Tenacity -- Rationalism -- Empiricism -- Science -- The Scientific (Critical Thinking) Approach and Psychology -- Systematic Empiricism -- Public Verification -- Solvable Problems -- Goals of Science -- Description -- Prediction -- Explanation -- Basic and Applied Research -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- An Introduction to Research Methods -- Descriptive Methods -- Predictive (Relational) Methods -- Explanatory Method -- Doing Science -- Proof and Disproof -- The Research Process -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Summary and Review -- Getting Started -- Research Ideas -- Reviewing the Literature -- Library Research -- Journals -- Psychological Abstracts -- PsycINFO and PsycLIT -- Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index -- Other Resources -- Reading a Journal Article: What to Expect -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- Summary -- Module Exercise -- Web Resources -- Ethical Research -- Ethical Standards in Research with Human Participants -- Institutional Review Boards -- Informed Consent -- Risk -- Deception -- Debriefing -- Ethical Standards in Research with Children -- Ethical Standards in Research with Animals -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Defining, Measuring, and Manipulating Variables -- Defining Variables -- The Properties of Measurement -- Identity -- Magnitude -- Equal Unit Size -- Absolute Zero -- The Scales of Measurement -- Nominal Scale -- Ordinal Scale -- Interval Scale -- Ratio Scale -- Discrete and Continuous Variables -- Types of Measures -- Self-Report Measures -- Tests -- Behavioral Measures -- Physical Measures -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Reliability and Validity -- Reliability -- Error in Measurement -- How to Measure Reliability: Correlation Coefficients -- Types of Reliability -- Test /Retest Reliability -- Alternate-Forms Reliability -- Split-Half Reliability -- Interrater Reliability -- Validity -- Content Validity -- Criterion Validity -- Construct Validity -- The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Summary and Review -- Descriptive Methods -- Observational and Other Descriptive Methods -- Naturalistic Observation -- Options When Using Observation -- Laboratory Observation -- Data Collection -- Narrative Records -- Checklists -- Case Study Method -- Archival Method -- Qualitative Methods -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Survey Methods -- Survey Construction -- Writing the Questions -- Arranging the Questions -- Administering Surveys -- Mail Surveys -- Telephone Surveys -- Personal Interviews -- Sampling Techniques -- Probability Sampling -- Nonprobability Sampling -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Summary and Review -- Predictive (Relational) Methods -- Conducting Correlational Research -- Magnitude, Scatterplots, and Types of Relationships -- Magnitude -- Scatterplots -- Positive Relationships -- Negative Relationships -- No Relationship -- Curvilinear Relationships -- Misinterpreting Correlations -- The Assumptions of Causality and Directionality -- The Third-Variable Problem -- Restrictive Range -- Curvilinear Relationships -- Prediction and Correlation -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Nonmanipulated Independent Variables -- An Example: Snow and Cholera -- Types of Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Single-Group Posttest-Only Design -- Single-Group Pretest /Posttest Design -- Single-Group Time-Series Design -- Nonequivalent Control Group Posttest-Only Design -- Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest /Posttest Design -- Multiple-Group Time-Series Design -- Internal Validity and Confounds in Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Conducting Single-Case Research -- Types of Single-Case Designs -- Reversal Designs -- ABA Reversal Designs -- ABAB Reversal Designs -- Multiple-Baseline Designs -- Multiple Baselines Across Participants -- Multiple Baselines Across Behaviors -- Multiple Baselines Across Situations -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Summary and Review -- Explanatory Methods -- Between-Participants Experimental Designs -- Control and Confounds -- Threats to Internal Validity -- Nonequivalent Control Group -- History --

Maturation -- Testing -- Regression to the Mean -- Instrumentation -- Mortality or Attrition -- Diffusion of Treatment -- Experimenter and Participant Effects -- Floor and Ceiling Effects -- Threats to External Validity -- Generalization to Populations -- Generalization from Laboratory Settings -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Correlated-Groups and Developmental Designs -- Within-Participants Experimental Designs -- Matched-Participants Experimental Designs -- Developmental Designs -- Cross-Sectional Designs -- Longitudinal Designs -- Sequential Designs -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Advanced Experimental Designs -- Using Designs with More Than Two Levels of an Independent Variable -- Comparing More Than Two Kinds of Treatment in One Study -- Comparing Two or More Kinds of Treatment with the Control Group (No Treatment) -- Comparing a Placebo Group with the Control and Experimental Groups -- Using Designs with More Than One Independent Variable -- Factorial Notation and Factorial Designs -- Main Effects and Interaction Effects -- Possible Outcomes of a 2 X 2 Factorial Design -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Summary and Review -- Statistical Concepts -- Data Organization and Descriptive Statistics I -- Organizing Data -- Frequency Distributions -- Graphs -- Bar Graphs and Histograms -- Frequency Polygons -- Descriptive Statistics -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Mean -- Median -- Mode -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Statistical Software Resources -- Descriptive Statistics II -- Measures of Variation -- Range -- Standard Deviation -- Types of Distributions -- Normal Distributions -- Kurtosis -- Positively Skewed Distributions -- Negatively Skewed Distributions -- Z-Scores -- Z-Scores, the Standard Normal Distribution, Probability, and Percentile Ranks -- Correlation Coefficients -- Advanced Correlational Techniques: Regression Analysis -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Statistical Software Resources -- Inferential Statistics I-Hypothesis Testing -- Null and Alternative Hypotheses -- One- and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests -- Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing -- Statistical Significance and Errors -- Parametric Statistics for Two-Group Designs -- T Test for Independent Groups (Samples): What It Is and What It Does -- Calculations for the Independent-Groups t Test -- Interpreting the t Test -- Graphing the Means -- Effect Size: Cohen's d -- Assumptions of the Independent-Groups t Test -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Statistical Software Resources -- Inferential Statistics II -- Comparing More Than Two Kinds of Treatment in One Study -- Analyzing the Multiple-Group Experiment -- Between-Participants Designs: One-Way Randomized ANOVA -- One-Way Randomized ANOVA: What It Is and What It Does -- Calculations for the One-Way Randomized ANOVA -- Interpreting the One-Way Randomized ANOVA -- Graphing the Means and Effect Size -- Assumptions of the One-Way Randomized ANOVA -- Tukey's Post Hoc Test -- One-Way Repeated Measure and Two-Way ANOVAs -- Summary -- Review of Key Terms -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- Lab Resources -- Statistical Software Resources -- Summary and Review -- APA Communications Guidelines -- Communicating Research Findings -- Writing Clearly -- Avoiding Grammatical Problems -- Reporting Numbers -- Citing and Referencing -- Citation Style: One Author -- Citation Style: Multiple Authors -- Reference Style -- Typing and Word Processing -- Organizing the Paper -- Title Page -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Appendixes and Author Note -- Tables and Figures -- The Use of Headings -- APA Formatting Checklist -- Conference Presentations -- Oral Paper Presentations -- Poster Presentations -- Summary -- Module Exercises -- Critical Thinking Check Answers -- Web Resources -- APA Sample Manuscript -- Summary and Review -- Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises -- Statistical Tables.

Machine converted from AACR2 source record.