Understanding intercultural communication / Stella Ting-Toomey, Leeva C. Chung.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 355-372) and index.

Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- 1. Why Study Intercultural Communication? -- Practical Reasons to Study Intercultural Communication -- Adapting to Global and Domestic Workforce Diversity -- Improving Multicultural Health Care Communication -- Engaging in Creative Problem Solving -- Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction -- Deepening Self-Awareness -- Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace -- Intercultural Communication Flexibility -- Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills -- Flexible Intercultural Communication: Four Criteria -- Mastering Intercultural Communication Flexibility -- A Staircase Model -- Communicating Flexibly -- 2. What Is Intercultural Communication? -- Culture: A Learned Meaning System -- Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture -- Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms -- Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values -- Understanding Intercultural Communication: A Process Model -- Intercultural Communication Process: Overall Characteristics -- Intercultural Communication: Meaning Characteristics -- Practicing Intercultural Process Thinking -- Process Consciousness: Underlying Principles -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 3. What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns? -- Functions of Cultural Values -- Analyzing Cultural Values -- Identity Meaning Function -- Explanatory Function -- Boundary Regulation Function -- Adaptational Function -- Analyzing Cultural Value Dimensions -- Discovering Cultural Values -- Identity: Individualism-Collectivism Value Pattern -- Power: Small-Large Power Distance Value Pattern -- Uncertainty: Weak-Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Value Pattern -- Sex Roles: Feminine-Masculine Value Pattern -- Additional Value Orientation Patterns -- Value Orientations: Background Information -- Meaning: Doing-Being Activity Value Orientation -- Destiny: Controlling-Yielding People-Nature Value Orientation -- Time: Future-Past Temporal Value Orientation -- Space: Privacy-Communal Spatial Value Orientation -- Individual Socialization Development -- Independent Versus Interdependent Self-Construal -- Horizontal Versus Vertical Self-Construal -- Internal Versus External Locus of Control -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 4. What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities? -- Family and Gender Socialization -- Family Socialization and Interaction Patterns -- Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns -- Cultural-Ethnic Identity Formation -- Cultural Identity Conceptualization -- Ethnic Identity Conceptualization -- Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing -- Defining Acculturation and Enculturation -- Social Identity -- Systems-Level Factors -- Individual-Level Factors -- Interpersonal-Ethnic Media-Level Factors -- Ethnic-Cultural Identity Change Process -- Ethnic-Cultural Identity Typological Model -- Racial-Ethnic Identity Development Model -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 5. What Is Culture Shock? -- Understanding Culture Shock -- Culture Shock: Defining Characteristics -- Culture Shock: Pros and Cons -- Approaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors -- Managing Culture Shock: Initial Tips -- Intercultural Adjustment: Developmental Patterns -- The U-Curve Adjustment Model -- The Revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model -- Culture Shock: Peaks and Valleys -- Reentry Culture Shock -- Reentry Culture Shock: Surprising Elements -- Resocialization: Different Returnees' Profiles -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 6. What Is the Relationship Between Language and Culture? -- Human Language: Distinctive Features -- Arbitrariness -- Abstractness -- Meaning-Centeredness -- Creativity -- Understanding Multiple Language Rules -- Phonological Rules -- Morphological Rules -- Syntactic Rules -- Semantic Rules -- Pragmatic Rules -- Understanding Diverse Language Functions -- The Cultural Worldview Function -- The Cognitive Formation Function -- The Social Reality Function -- The Group Identity Function -- The Social Change Function -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 7. What Are the Major Differences in Intercultural Verbal Styles? -- Intercultural Low-Context and High-Context Communication Framework -- Defining Low-Context and High-Context Communication -- Low-Context and High-Context Communication Examples -- Low-Context and High-Context VerbalStyle Comparisons -- Direct and Indirect Verbal Styles -- Complementary, Animated, and Understated Verbal Styles -- Informal and Formal Verbal Styles -- Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence -- Intercultural Conversation Process: Self-Disclosure -- Self-Disclosure: Verbal Revealment Versus Concealment -- Johari Window -- Intercultural Persuasion Process -- Linear Logic Versus Spiral Logic Persuasion -- Self-Credentialing and Self-Humbling Verbal Modes -- Face-Negotiation and Requesting Strategies -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints --

8. What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures? -- The Importance of Nonverbal Communication -- What Is Nonverbal Communication? -- Actions or Words? -- One Code, Many Interpretations -- Verbal and Nonverbal Similarities -- Forms of Nonverbal Communication -- Artifacts and Clothing -- Paralanguage -- Facial Expressions -- Gestures -- Haptics -- Boundary Regulations -- Regulating Interpersonal Boundaries -- Environmental Boundaries -- Psychological Boundaries -- Regulating Time -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 9. What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups? -- Through Our Lenses: Communication Filters -- Perception and Communication -- Ethnocentrism and Communication -- Stereotypes and Communication -- Stereotypes and Media -- Nearsighted Focus: Ingroup/Outgroup Membership Boundaries -- Us Versus Them -- Where Do I Fit In? -- Intergroup Attributions -- Shattered Lens: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism -- Prejudiced Remarks...or Innocent Jokes? -- Prejudice: Explanations and Functions -- Discrimination and Practice -- Different Types of Racism -- Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 10. What Are the Best Ways to Manage Intercultural Conflict? -- Intercultural Conflict: Cultural Background Factors -- Culture-Based Conflict Lenses -- Intercultural Conflict Perceptions -- Intercultural Conflict Goal Issues -- Perceived Scarce Resources -- Intercultural Conflict Process Factors -- Defining Conflict Styles -- Cross-Cultural Conflict Styles -- Cross-Ethnic Conflict Styles and Facework -- Competent Intercultural Conflict Skills -- Facework Management -- Mindful Listening -- Cultural Empathy -- Mindful Reframing -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 11. What Are the Challenges in Developing an Intercultural-Intimate Relationship? -- Developing Intercultural-Intimate Relationships: Invisible Challenges -- Different Cultural-Ethnic Membership Values -- Different Expectations of Love -- Different Expectations of Autonomy-Connection Issues -- Communication Decoding Issues -- Intercultural-Intimate Relationship Attraction: Facilitating Factors -- Perceived Physical Attractiveness -- Perceived Similarity -- Self-Disclosure -- Ethnic Identity and Self-Concept -- Intercultural-Intimate Conflict: Major Obstacles -- Encountering Prejudice and Racism -- Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies -- Raising Secure Bicultural Children -- Raising Bicultural-Biracial Children -- Helping Children to Develop a Secure Identity -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 12. What Are the Communication Issues Facing a Global Identity? -- The E.net Self: Local Versus Global Outlook -- Local Versus Global Identity -- Defining the Background of E.net'ers -- E.net'ers: Who Are They? -- The E.net Identity: Dialectical Challenges -- Spatial Zone Dialectics -- Temporal Zone Dialectics -- Identity Zone Dialectics -- Global Identities in Action -- The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation -- Rap and Hip-Hop Music: Identity Expression -- Fashion and Gadgets: Identity Construction -- Video: Identity Transformation -- Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints -- 13. How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators? -- Comparing Different Ethical Positions -- Ethical Absolutism Position -- Ethical Relativism Position -- Ethical Universalism Position -- Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position -- Meta-Ethics: Procedures and Guidelines -- Identifying Key Meta-Ethics Concepts -- Meta-Ethical Decisions: Further Guidelines -- An Intercultural Discovery Path Model -- From Ethnocentrism to Ethnorelativism -- Becoming a Dynamic Global Leader -- In Conclusion -- References -- Glossary -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

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