Learning in the field : an introduction to qualitative research / Gretchen B. Rossman & Sharon F. Rallis.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 258-262) and index.

Foreword -- Preface to the Second Edition -- List of Tables and Figures -- 1.. Qualitative Research as Learning -- Defining Qualitative Research -- Common Characteristics -- Typical Purposes and Overall Approaches -- Doing Qualitative Research: Tales of Three Characters -- Ways of Using Research -- Instrumental Use -- Enlightenment Use -- Symbolic Use -- Emancipatory Use -- Principles of Good Practice -- Overview of the Book -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 2.. The Researcher as Learner -- What Is Learning? -- The Reflexivity of Qualitative Research -- Paradigms -- Subjectivity and Objectivity -- Status Quo Versus Radical Change -- Four Paradigms -- Perspective in Practice -- The Self at Work: Reflexivity -- Establishing Perspective -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 3.. The Researcher as Competent and Ethical -- Trustworthiness -- Standards for Practice -- What Is the Truth Value of This Work? -- How Rigorously Was the Study Conducted? -- How Is the Study Useful for Other Situations? -- Strategies for Ensuring Credibility and Rigor -- Theories of Ethics -- The Ethic of Consequences -- The Ethic of Rights and Responsibilities -- The Ethic of Social Justice -- The Ethic of Care -- Ethical Issues -- Privacy and Confidentiality -- Deception and Consent -- Trust and Betrayal -- Thinking Through Ethical Dilemmas -- Politics -- Setting the Research Agenda -- Approving the "Right" Methodology -- Coping With Micro-Politics -- Internal Review Boards -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 4.. Major Qualitative Research Genres -- Choosing the Locus of Interest: Major Qualitative Research Genres -- Critical and Postmodern Assumptions -- Ethnographies -- Phenomenological Studies -- Socio-Communication Studies -- Case Studies -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 5.. Planning the Research -- Practical Considerations -- Do-Ability -- Want-to-Do-Ability -- Should-Do-Ability -- What Is a Research Proposal? -- Conceptual Framework -- Use of the Literature -- Introduction -- The Topic -- Statement of the Research Problem or Issue -- Purpose -- Significance -- Overview Questions and Subquestions -- Limitations -- Design and Method -- Overall Genre and Rationale -- Site or Population Selection and Sampling Strategies -- Data-Gathering Procedures -- Data Management and Analysis Procedures -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 6.. Entering the Field -- Preparation -- Intended Involvement -- Degree of Involvement -- Portrayal of Involvement -- Approach and Negotiations -- Time -- Introduction and Invitation -- Written Permission -- Expectations and Relationships -- Reciprocity -- Organizational Gatekeepers -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 7.. Gathering Data in the Field -- Decisions About Gathering Data -- Depth or Breadth -- Prefigured or Open-Ended -- Ebb and Flow -- Systematic Inquiry -- Data About the Research -- Data About the Process and Yourself -- Generic In-Depth Interviewing -- Types of Interviews -- Social Group Identities -- Follow-Up Questions -- Specialized Forms of In-Depth Interviewing -- Ethnographic Interviewing -- Phenomenological Interviewing -- Socio-Communications Interviews -- Interviewing "Elites" or Experts -- Focus Group Interviewing -- Interviewing Children -- Observing People, Actions, and Events -- Taking Field Notes -- Making Raw Field Notes Usable -- Studying Material Culture -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 8.. Our Characters' Data -- Anthony's Data -- Field Notes 1 -- Field Notes 2 -- Interview 1 -- Interview 2 -- Marla's Data -- Interview 1 -- Interview 2 -- Field Notes 1 -- Field Notes 2 -- Field Notes 3 -- Ruth's Data -- Field Notes 1 -- Field Notes 2 -- Interview 1 -- Interview 2 -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- 9.. Issues That Arise in the Field -- "How Do I Prepare to Gather Data?" -- "How Can I Get Comfortable in the Field?" -- "What Are the Data?" -- "How Do I Turn Sights, Sounds, and Objects Into Data?" -- "I'm Bilingual. What Language Do I Use?" -- "How Can I Change My Research Plan?" -- "What Do I Reflect On?" -- "How Do I Leave the Field?" -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 10.. Analyzing and Interpreting Data -- Analysis Happens -- Analysis Is Ongoing -- Categorical or Holistic Analysis -- Quantifying Qualitative Data -- Analysis Related to Qualitative Genres -- Generic Analysis -- Organizing the Data -- Familiarizing Yourself With the Data -- Generating Categories and Themes -- Coding -- Interpretation -- Searching for Alternative Understandings -- Writing the Report -- Writing In-Process Analytic Memos -- Strategies for Analyzing Interview Data -- Analyzing Ethnographic Interview Data -- Analyzing Phenomenologic Interview Data -- Analyzing Socio-Communications Data -- Strategies for Analyzing Field Notes From Observations -- Strategies for Analyzing Material Culture -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Further Reading -- 11.. Our Characters' Analyses -- Anthony's Analysis -- Analytic Memo: What Participation Means -- Ruth's Analysis -- On Agency -- Marla's Analysis -- Memo #1. Collaborative Analysis: The Process and Some Preliminary Insights -- Memo #2. Taking Action -- Using the Principles of Good Practice -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- 12.. Presenting the Learnings -- Presentation -- Audience and Purpose -- Possible Formats -- Voice -- Organizing the Report -- Chronology -- Life History -- Themes -- Composite -- Critical Events -- Portraits -- Using the Principles of Good Practice to Generate Useful Knowledge -- Activities for Your Community of Practice -- Epilogue -- References -- Name Index -- Subject Index -- About the Authors.

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