TY  - BOOK
AU  - Diduck,Alison
AU  - Kaganas,Felicity
TI  - Family law, gender and the state
SN  - 184946149X
AV  - KD750 .D53 2012
U1  - 346.42015 23
PY  - 2012///
CY  - Oxford, Portland, oregon
PB  - Hart
KW  - Domestic relations
KW  - Great Britain
KW  - Family policy
N1  - Includes bibliographical references (pages 745-792) and index; Machine generated contents note: pt. I Families and Relationships -- 1. Law and ̀The Family' -- I. Families and Societies -- II. Families and the Law: Questioning Some Assumptions -- Family Ideology -- III. What Is Family Law? -- IV. The Legal Family -- V.̀Choice' and our Freedom to Choose How to Order Our Familial Lives -- VI. Conclusions -- Further Reading -- 2. Personal Relationships and Legal Status -- I. Marriage as a Social Institution -- II. Marriage as a Legal Institution -- III. Getting Married -- IV. The Language of Consent -- V. The Permanent Heterosexual Union -- VI. One Man and One Woman -- VII. The Civil Partnership Act 2004 -- VIII. The History of Marriage -- IX. Formal and Informal Relationships -- X. Summary and Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 3. Dissolution of Legal Relationships: The Process and its Consequences -- I. Divorce---Introduction -- II. The History of Divorce -- III. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 -- The Ground for Divorce -- IV. Divorce Reform 1969-2010; Contents note continued: V. The Legacy of the Family Law Act 1996 -- VI. The Civil Partnership Act 2004 -- VII. Nullity and Judicial Separation -- VIII. Conclusion -- 4. Parent-Child Relationships -- I. Becoming a Parent: Rights and the Regulation of Reproduction -- II. Diluting the Right to Reproduce: Welfare and the Sèxual Family' -- III. Regulation of Reproduction: The Right Not to Reproduce -- Contraception -- Abortion -- Conclusion -- IV. Mothers and Fathers: The ̀Fragmentation' of Parenthood? -- V. Who is a Parent? Becoming a Mother -- Biological Mothers -- Surrogacy -- Non-biological Mothers -- Adoption -- Increasing the Range of Permanency Options---Special Guardians -- Other Ways to Become a Parent---Guardianship -- Parental Responsibility: Residence Orders -- Social Motherhood---No Legal Status -- Foster Parents -- VI. Who is a Parent? Becoming a Father -- Fatherhood---The Significance of Biology -- Fatherhood-The Significance of Intention -- Adoption; Contents note continued: Social Fatherhood---No Legal Status -- Step-parents -- Conclusion -- VII. What Does it Mean to be a Parent? Day-to-Day Responsibilities -- Parental Responsibility -- Parental Responsibility under the Children Act -- Criminal Responsibility -- Education -- Housing and Healthcare -- VIII. Being a Mother, Being a Father and Being a Child -- Mothers and Fathers -- Children -- IX. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 5. The Family-State Relationship: Social Policy -- I. Family Living and Social Policy -- II. Child Poverty, Work and Benefit: Serving Two Masters? -- Current Law: Tax and Social Benefits -- Social Security Law and Gender -- III. Support and Compulsion for Parents -- Criminal Responsibility -- IV. Work-Life Balance -- Employment Law and Policy -- Employment and Reproduction -- Maternity Rights -- Paternity Rights -- Parental Leave and Flexible Working -- Childcare -- Work and Family and the State: Some Observations -- V. Housing -- VI. Conclusion; Contents note continued: Further Reading -- pt. II The Principles And The Law -- Section 1 Equality -- Introduction -- 6. Household Economics -- I. Family Income -- Waged Income -- The Historical View -- Women and Work -- A Contextual Perspective -- Children and Work -- Other Income -- II. Sharing Income and Property in Families -- Maintenance During the Relationship -- III. Acquiring Property -- Separate Property -- Beneficial Ownership: Express Trust -- Implied Trusts -- Resulting Trust -- Common Intention Constructive Trust -- Constructive Trust or Proprietary Estoppel? -- Summary -- Alternatives---1. Unjust Enrichment and the Remedial Constructive Trust -- Alternatives---2.Community of Property -- IV. Statutory Reform -- V. Conclusion -- Postscript -- Further Reading -- 7. Dividing the Family Assets -- I. Historical Overview -- II. The Move to Equality -- III. Fairness: Rethinking Equality -- IV. Making the Orders -- The Special Case of Pensions; Contents note continued: Prenuptial and Postnuptial Agreements -- V. Child Support -- VI. Reform? -- Ancillary Relief and Child Support -- Separating Cohabitants -- Marital Agreements: Marriage as Contract? -- VII. Conclusion: Is There any Role for Equality in Family Economies? -- Further Reading -- 8. Equal Status under the Children Act 1989: Parental Responsibility -- I. Introduction -- II. From Paternal Rights to Shared Parental Responsibility -- III. Explanations for the Change to Shared and Enduring Parental Responsibility -- IV. Parental Responsibility, Welfare and Equality -- V. Having and Acquiring Parental Responsibility -- VI. Parental Responsibility, Joint Parenting and the Duty to Consult -- VII. Unmarried Fathers and Parental Responsibility -- VIII. The Unmarried Father and Human Rights -- IX. Parental Responsibility Orders -- The Responsible Father -- X. The Welfare of the Child -- XI. Effect of Having Parental Responsibility; Contents note continued: Parental Responsibility and the Non-resident Parent -- Parental Responsibility and the Resident Parent -- Parental Responsibility: A Matter of Words? -- XII. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Section 2 Welfare -- Introduction -- 9. The Welfare Principle -- I. Introduction -- II. Legislation and the Welfare Principle -- III. From Status to Welfare -- IV. The Paramountcy of Welfare -- V. The Human Rights Act and Welfare -- VI. The Scope of the Welfare Principle -- VII. Deciding What is Good for Children---The Problem of Indeterminacy -- VIII. The Welfare Principle and the ̀Good' Post-separation Family -- IX. Child Welfare Knowledge -- X. Alternatives to the Welfare Principle -- Welfare and Shared Parenting -- XI. Policies and Research -- Promoting ̀Responsible' Parenting: Making Contact Work -- XII. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 10. Disputes about Children and the Application of the Welfare Principle -- I. Introduction; Contents note continued: II. The Power of the Court to Make Section 8 Orders -- A Settlement Culture -- Safety -- Restricting Access to the Court -- III. The Welfare Principle -- IV. The No Order Principle -- V. Residence -- VI. Applying the Welfare Principle -- The Checklist---Section 1(3) Children Act 1989 -- VII. Shared Residence -- VIII. Contact -- Child Welfare Knowledge -- The Courts and Contact -- The Approach of the Courts---A Research Study -- The Checklist -- Making Contact Happen and Enforcement of Contact Orders -- Therapeutic Intervention -- IX. Relocation -- Relocation and Shared Care -- X. Violence and Child Abuse -- Harm to the Child -- The Effects of Re L and of the Safeguards -- XI. Contact Centres -- XII. Specific Issue Orders -- XIII. Prohibited Steps Order -- XIV. Section 8 Orders and Education: Who Decides? -- XV. The Family Justice Review -- XVI. Conclusion -- Postscript -- Further Reading -- 11. Decisions about Children's Upbringing -- I. Introduction; Contents note continued: II. Parental Responsibility and Decision-making -- III. The Competent Minor and Medical Treatment -- Gillick/Fraser Competence -- The ̀Retreat' from Gillick -- IV. Medical Treatment of Neonates and Babies -- Introduction -- Infants and ̀Personhood' -- The Best Interests Test -- The Parents, the Doctors and the Courts -- V. Children In Court -- Listening to Children -- Party Status and Separate Representation -- Powers and Duties of Children's Guardian and Litigation Friend -- Separate Representation and the ̀Mature' Minor -- Children's Evidence -- VI. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Section 3 The Public/Private Divide -- Introduction -- 12.A Public or Private Matter? Domestic Violence -- I. Introduction -- II. What is Domestic Violence? -- Definition -- Perpetrators and Victims -- III. Historical Background -- The Legal Position of Husbands and Wives -- IV. Explanations for the Husband's Rights -- V. The Emergence of Wife-beating as a Social Problem; Contents note continued: VI. The Modern Emergence of Domestic Violence as a Social Problem -- VII. The ̀Causes' of Domestic Violence -- VIII. Equality within Marriage---The Abolition of the Marital Rape Exemption -- IX. The Criminal Justice System -- The Police -- The Crown Prosecution Service -- The Courts -- Perpetrator Programmes -- X. The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 -- XI. Criminal or Civil Proceedings? -- XII. Civil Law -- XIII. The Family Law Act 1996 -- Non-Molestation Order -- Àssociated Persons' -- Occupation Order -- ̀Person Entitled' -- Applying the ̀Balance of Harm Test' -- A ̀Draconian' Order -- Non-entitled Former Spouse or Former Civil Partner -- Non-entitled Cohabitant or Former Cohabitant -- Neither Party Entitled to Occupy -- Children -- Applications by Third Parties -- Ancillary Provisions -- Orders Without Notice -- Enforcement -- Power of Arrest -- Warrant for Arrest -- Offence of Breaching a Non-molestation Order -- Evaluating the Law; Contents note continued: XIV. A Co-ordinated Response---Further Reform -- Domestic Violence Protection Notices and Orders -- XV. Forced Marriage -- XVI. Family Privacy Revisited -- XVII. Housing -- XVIII. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 13.A Public or Private Matter? Child Abuse -- I. Introduction -- II. The Construction of Social Problems -- III. Constructions of Childhood -- IV. Child Concern and the Role of the State -- Protection through ̀Tutelage' -- The ̀Cruelty Act': Protecting Children or Protecting Society? -- Shifting Patterns of Concern -- V. Child Abuse---The Beginnings of Contemporary Concern -- Sexual Abuse -- VI. Defining Abuse -- Sìgnificant Harm' -- VII. The ̀Causes' of Child Abuse -- Neglect, Physical and Emotional Abuse -- Sexual Abuse -- VIII. The ̀High-Risk' Family -- Identifying and Predicting Child Abuse -- IX. The Role of Professionals and the Law: The Children Act 1989 -- The Children Act 1989---The Background -- The Children Act 1989 -- Partnership; Contents note continued: Partnership---The Emphasis on Parental Responsibility -- Partnership---Regulating the Family -- X. Family Support and the Children Act 2004 -- XI. Early Intervention -- XII. Family Group Conferences -- XIII. Local Authority Accountability -- Negligence -- The Human Rights Act 1998 -- XIV. Reforming The System -- XV. Conclusion -- Further Reading -- 14. Child Protection -- I. Introduction -- II. From ̀Risk' to Ǹeed'? -- Children in Need or at Risk---Assessment -- III. Legal Criteria for the Granting of Court Orders -- IV. Immediate Protection and Investigation -- Impeding Access to the Child -- The Outcome of the Investigation -- The Child Protection Conference -- V. Accommodating Children -- VI. Court Orders: Emergency Proceeedings -- Child Assessment Order -- Emergency Protection Order -- VII. Care Plans -- VIII. The Children's Guardian -- IX. Interim Orders -- X. Care and Supervision Orders---Threshold Criteria -- Ìs Suffering' -- Ìs Likely to Suffer'; Contents note continued: Standard of Parental Care -- XI. Effects of a Care Order -- XII. Challenging Local Authority Decisions in Court -- XIII. Supervision Orders -- XIV. Care Order or Supervision Order? -- XV. Excluding the Abuser---The Family Law Act 1996, Section 8 Orders under the Children Act 1989 and Inherent Jurisdiction -- Wardship and the Court's Inherent Jurisdiction -- XVI. Reforming the System -- XVII. Conclusion -- Postscript -- Further Reading -- 15.A Public or Private Matter---Alternative Dispute Resolution and Negotiation -- I. Introduction -- II. Alternative Dispute Resolution -- The Background to the Rise of Mediation and ADR -- Forms of ADR -- Mediation -- Financial Dispute Resolution -- Lawyer Negotiation -- Collaborative Law -- Therapy and Counselling -- In-court Conciliation -- III. Mediation -- Mediation---A Voluntary Process? -- Why Mediation? -- Autonomy and Control -- Dominant Norms -- Power and Mediation -- Domestic Violence and Mediation; Contents note continued: Mediation and Children's Welfare -- The Harmonious Divorce/Separation? -- IV. Negotiating Through Lawyers -- V. The Outcomes and the Client's View -- VI. Alternative Dispute Resolution: The Other Alternatives Available -- Collaborative Law -- Financial Dispute Resolution -- Parenting Agreements -- VII. Conclusion -- Postscript -- Further Reading
ER  -