TY  - BOOK
AU  - Bishop,Phillip A.
TI  - Measurement and evaluation in physical activity applications: exercise science, physical education, coaching, athletic training, and health 
SN  - 1890871834
AV  - QP301 .B4787 2008
U1  - 612.044072 22
PY  - 2008///]
CY  - Scottsdale, Az.
PB  - Holcomb Hathaway
KW  - Exercise
KW  - Measurement
KW  - Physical fitness
KW  - Research
KW  - Statistical methods
KW  - Statistics
KW  - Sports sciences
N1  - Preface --; About the author --; pt. 1; Understanding the measurement process --; 1; Measurement and evaluation in your personal and professional life --; Section 1 : The value of measurement and evaluation --; Section 2 : Classifications in measurement and evaluation --; Section 3 : Measurement and evaluation applications in life --; Measurement may mean life or death--; Good measurement can alter our view of economics --; Practical exercise 1.1. --; Good measurement can altar our view of the world --; Practical exercise 1.2 --; Section 4 : Measurement and evaluation applications in professions --; Applications in physical education --; Applications for coaches and athletes --; Applications in sport psychology and exercise psychology --; Applications in the fitness industry --; Applications in athletic training --; Applications in nutrition --; Applications in health education --; Applications in research --; Practical exercise 1.3 --; Section 5 : Measurement and evaluation are harder than we think --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 2; The challenge of good measurement --; Section 1 : Measurement error --; Practical exercise 2.1 --; Box : Trivia question : world's longest measured coastline --; An example of measurement error in exercise science --; Examples of measurement error in sport --; Minimizing error --; Practical exercise 2.2 --; Understanding error --; How much error can we stand? --; Section 2 : Naming measurement errors --; Validity --; Reliability --; Practice exercise 2.3 --; Improving validity, reliability, and objectivity --; Box : Umpiring : an example of applied validity, reliability, and objectivity --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 3; Understanding validity --; Section 1 : Types of validity --; Construct validity --; Practical exercise 3.1 --; Criterion validity --; Practical exercise 3.2 --; Content validity --; Practical exercise 3.3 --; Ecological validity and external validity --; Practical exercise 3.4 --; Practical exercise 3.5 --; Quick review : Validity --; Section 2 : Introduction to basic statistical concepts : descriptive statistics --; Measures of central tendency --; Practical exercise 3.6 --; Practical exercise 3.7 --; Practical exercise 3.8 --; Distributions : normal distributions and the normal curve --; Measures of dispersion : standard deviation --; Practical exercise 3.9 --; Practical exercise 3.10 --; Practical exercise 3.11 --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercise --; Appendix 3A : Computing standard deviation with Excel --; 4; Calculating and evaluating validity --; Section 1 : Evaluating criterion validity for norm-references tests --; Comparing mean scores : t-tests --; Practical exercise 4.1 --; Correlations : Pearson product-moment correlation --; Practical exercise 4.2 --; Quick review : Correlation coefficient, R value --; Error analysis (Bland-Altman analysis) --; Quick review : Bland-Altman analysis --; Evaluating validity of ranked data --; Practical exercise 4.3 --; Section 2 : Evaluating the validity of criterion-referenced tests --; Balance between competent and not-competent --; Another statistic for evaluating validity for criterion-referenced tests --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; Appendix 4A : Predicting VO₂max from meters run, using Excel --; Appendix 4B : Running a t-test with Excel --; Appendix 4C : Creating a scatter plot with Excel before calculating correlations --; Appendix 4D : Calculating correlations with Excel --; Appendix 4E : Crating a trendline in Excel --; Appendix 4F : Evaluating criterion validity with a Bland-Altman analysis using Excel --; 5; Understanding, calculating, and evaluating reliability and objectivity --; Section 1 : Evaluating reliability --; Test-retest method --; Practical exercise 5.1 --; Single-administration methods --; Evaluating the reliability of criterion-referenced measurements --; Standard error of measurement --; Practical exercise 5.2 --; Increasing reliability --; Quick review : reliability --; Section 2 : Evaluating objectivity --; Calculating objectivity for continuous measures --; Calculating objectivity for discrete measures --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; Appendix 5A : Calculating the intraclass correlation using Excel --; 6; Devising tests --; Introduction --; Section 1 : The process of devising a test --; Step one : Defining what to measure --; Step two : Researching relevant information --; Practical exercise 6.1 --; Step three : Establishing testing procedures --; Practical exercise 6.2 --; Step four : Determining scoring for the test --; Step five : Pilot- testing the test, scoring system, and instructions --; Step six : Evaluating, modifying, and retesting the pilot test --; Step seven : developing norms --; Quick review : Developing a test --; Section 2 : Evaluating the qualities of a new measurement --; Estimating the validity of the new measurement --; Quick review : Evaluating the validity of a test --; Estimating reliability --; Estimating objectivity --; Section 3 : Additional real-world measurement and evaluation applications --; Hand grip endurance --; Box : Devising bad measurements --; Box : Measurement and evaluation in the real world --; Evaluating employees --; Concluding thoughts--; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; pt. 2; Numbers and statistics in measurement --; 7; Understanding numbers in measurement --; Section 1 : Introduction to numbers --; Types of numbers --; Practical exercise 7.1 --; Significant digits and precision --; Section 2 : Normal vs. non-normal (non-standard) distributions --; Practical exercise 7.2 --; Section 3 : Measures of dispersion --; Range --; Uses for the standard deviation --; Standard error of the estimate --; Practical exercise 7.3 --; Section 4 : Standard scores --; Percentile rank --; Percentile --; Z-scores --; Quick review : Standard scoring --; Practical exercise 7.4 --; Section 5 : Checking a measurement technique --; Case study : Bad measurement in a power lifting competition --; Practical exercise 7.5 --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 8; Practical inferential statistics for the physical activity and health professions --; Section 1 : Correlations as a measure of relationships between numbers --; Practical exercise 8.1 --; Assessing the correlation between two variables --; Practical exercise 8.2 --; Multiple correlation --; Case study : Using multiple correlations to predict football success --; Section 2 : Complex comparisons of group means --; T-tests for independent data --; Testing three or more means --; Section 3 : Probabilities --; Means and probabilities --; Probability and correlations --; Errors in probabilities --; Quick review : Errors in probabilities --; Section 4 : Statistical power --; Section 5 : Misusing statistics --; Use of non-normal samples --; Sample size and group mean comparison problems --; Over-reliance on group means --; Substituting statistics for clear thinking --; Case study : Using statistics in performance measurements --; Quick review : Using statistics in performance measurements --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; pt. 3; Measurement and evaluation applications --; 9; Measuring physical fitness --; Section 1 : What is physical fitness? --; Section 2 : Measuring body composition --; Direct measures of body composition --; Practical exercise 9.1 --; Indirect measures of body composition --; Body mass index --; Practical exercise 9.2 --; Section 3 : Measuring cardiorespiratory fitness --; 12-minute run walk test --; Harvard step test --; Box : Measuring heart rate accurately --; Practical exercise 9.3 --; Box : Reading between the lines --; Practical exercise 9.4 --; Section 4 : Measuring muscular endurance --; Push-ups --; Pull-ups/chin ups --; Crunches --; Other tests --; Section 5 : Measuring muscular strength --; Lifting weights --; Isometric devices --; Isokinetic devices --; Measuring concentric and eccentric strength --; Section 6 : Measuring range of motion --; The sit-and-reach test --; Section 7 : Fitness tests for the elderly --; The 30-second chair stand --; Practical exercise 9.5 --; Two-minute step-in-place --; Practical exercise 9.6 --; Timed up-and-go (TUG) --; Section 8 : Fitness tests for children --; Section 9 : Fitness tests for individuals with disabilities --; Section 10 : Measuring physical fitness in athletic training and physical therapy --; Section 11 : Administering fitness tests --; Safety --; Time --; Equipment --; Trained personnel--; Facilities and environment --; Data management --; Combining different measures --; Practical exercise 9.7 --; Practical exercise 9.8 --; Practical exercise 9.9 --; Concluding thoughts--; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 10; Measuring exercise, physical activity, and health --; Section 1 : Measuring exercise --; Measuring frequency, duration, and mode --; Measuring intensity --; Box : Measuring physical activity --; Pedometers --; Accelerometers --; Physical activity surveys --; Practical exercise 10.1 --; Practical exercise 10.2 --; Practical exercise 10.3 --; Section 3 : Measuring health --; Section 4 : The exercise prescription --; Medical status/health history --; Fitness level/exercise history --; Preferences and interests --; Exercise goals --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 11; Measuring psychomotor performance and sports skills --; Section 1 : Using taxonomies in human performance measurement --; Reflexes --; Basic intentional movements --; Sensing, differentiating, and responding to the environment --; Basic physical skills --; Skilled movement --; Communicative movement --; Section 2 : Measuring performance based on the psychomotor taxonomy --; Measuring reflexes --; Measuring basic intentional movements --; Practical exercise 11.1--; Measuring sensory ability and response to environmental challenges --; Practical exercise 11.2 --; Measuring basic physical skills --; Measuring skilled movements --; Measuring communicative movement --; Practical exercise 11.3 --; Quick review : Measuring human performance --; Section 3 : Issues in measuring human performance --; External validity --; Ecological validity --; Variables that may interfere with measurement --; Using test batteries --; Overtesting --; Misleading testing --; Resolving deficiencies --; Discrimination in skills tests --; Nonteaching applications --; Section 4 : Administration of psychomotor skills tests --; Planning for psychomotor skills tests --; Designing psychomotor skills tests --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 12; Measuring in competitive sports and coaching --; Section 1 : Measurement challenges in competitive sport --; Training for officiating --; Discarding scores --; Rules --; Changes to the structure of competitions --; Case study : Measurement in sport : women's steeplechase --; Practical exercise 12.1 --; Section 2 : Measuring in coaching --; Practical exercise 12.2 --; Measuring recruits in college sport --; Practical exercise 12.3 --; Section 3 : Measuring in athletic training --; Using standard scores in athletic training --; Practical exercise 12.4 --; Assessing hydration status --; Assessing the potential for heat injuries --; Practical exercise 12.5 --; Section 4 : Measuring in hunting and fishing --; Section 5 : Measuring multisport competitions --; Case study : Multisport competitions --; Section 6 : Advances in sport measurement --; Instant replay --; Electronic timing --; Practical exercise 12.6 --; Videography --; Biomechanical analysis --; Biochemical measurement --; Section 7 : Testing athletes and employees for illicit substances --; Alcohol testing --; Drug testing --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 13; Alternative approaches to measurement and subjective measurement --; Section 1 : Authentic assessment --; Section 2 : Alternative assessment instruments --; Rubrics --; Practical exercise 13.1 --; Questionnaires --; Section 3 : Alternative assessment techniques --; Systematic observation --; Interviews --; Section 4 : Measuring the affective domain --; Rating scales --; Practical exercise 13.2 --; Borg rating of perceived exertion scale --; Myers-Briggs personality factors --; Other affective measurements --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 14; Measuring and evaluating knowledge and assigning grades --; Section 1 : Why test and grade? --; Practical exercise 14.1 --; Box : Mistakes in testing and grading --; Section 2 : Planning for testing and grading --; Content orientation --; Assignment orientation --; Student orientation --; Section 3 : Devising cognitive tests --; Using Bloom's taxonomy of cognition to measure knowledge --; Types of test questions --; Practical exercise 14.2 --; Item analysis for evaluating tests --; Practical exercise 14.3 --; Standardized tests --; Section 4 : Grading --; Options in physical education grading --; Methods for calculating grades --; Practical exercise 14.4 --; Developing a philosophy of grading --; Practical exercise 14.5 --; Common errors in grading --; Practical exercise 14.6 --; Formative and summative assessment in grading --; Case study : A poorly written multiple-choice exam --; Practical exercise 14.7 --; Box : Sample essay questions --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 15; Measuring employees --; Section 1 : Overview of the employee evaluation process --; Job performance standards and employee goals --; Performance records --; Writing the evaluation --; Meeting for the evaluation --; Rating systems --; Section 2 : Data collection methods --; Peer reviews --; Supervisor visits --; Committee visits --; One-time observations --; Videotaping --; Section 3 : Written performance evaluations --; Section 4 : Pre-employment measurements --; Pre-employment performance testing --; Pre-employment cognitive testing --; Other forms of pre-employment testing --; Section 5 : Evaluating ourselves --; Section 6 : Measurement, evaluation, and professional ethics --; Practice exercise 15.1 --; Concluding thoughts --; Practical exercise 15.2 --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; 16; Measuring in research --; Section 1 : Measurement challenges in physical education, sport, and exercise science research --; Field versus laboratory studies --; Section 2 : Quantitative and qualitative research --; Section 3 : Challenges in quantitative research --; Getting an overview of the data --; Using non-normal data --; Confusing practical significance and statistical significance --; Box : Statistical difference without practical significance --; Choosing appropriate research subjects --; Measuring the right items --; Recognizing ceiling effects, floor effects, and regression to the mean --; Over-relying on group means --; Small sample sizes --; Case study : Calculating the statistical power of a study on urine production --; Mistakes in data interpretation --; Equipment issues --; Measurement challenges in clinical and epidemiological quantitative research --; Practice exercise 16.1 --; Section 4 : Challenges in qualitative research --; Evaluating validity in qualitative research --; Evaluating reliability in qualitative research --; Evaluating objectivity in qualitative research --; Practical exercise 16.2 --; Section 5 : Reading research papers --; Finding relevant research papers --; Reading quantitative journal articles --; Practical exercise 16.3 --; The peer-review evaluation process --; Box : Peer review is not foolproof --; Concluding thoughts --; Application questions --; Additional practical exercises --; Appendices --; A; Skinfold sites --; B; NCAA 2006-2007 banned drug classes with examples --; C; Sample rubrics --; Glossary --; Index
ER  -