Principles of environmental engineering and science / Mackenzie L. Davis, Susan J. Masten.

This international edition contains content that is different from the North American version.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1-1.What Is Environmental Science? -- Natural Science -- Environmental Science -- Quantitative Environmental Science -- 1-2.What Is Environmental Engineering? -- Engineering -- Environmental Engineering -- 1-3.Historical Perspective -- Overview -- Hydrology -- Water Treatment -- Wastewater Treatment -- Air Pollution Control -- Solid and Hazardous Waste -- 1-4.How Environmental Engineers And Environmental Scientists Work Together -- 1-5.Introduction To Principles Of Environmental Engineering And Science -- Where Do We Start? -- A Short Outline of This Book -- 1-6.Environmental Systems -- Overview -- Systems -- Water Resource Management System -- Air Resource Management System -- Solid Waste Management System -- Multimedia Systems -- Sustainability -- 1-7.Environmental Legislation And Regulation -- Acts, Laws, and Regulations -- 1-8.Environmental Ethics -- Case 1 To Add or Not to Add -- Case 2 You Can't Do Everything At Once -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 2.Chemistry -- Case Study: To MTBE or Not to MTBE? -- 2-1.Introduction -- 2-2.Basic Chemical Concepts -- Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table -- Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces -- The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units -- Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry -- Chemical Equilibrium -- Reaction Kinetics -- 2-3.Organic Chemistry -- Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes -- Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds -- Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds -- 2-4.Water Chemistry -- Physical Properties of Water -- States of Solution Impurities -- Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions -- Buffers -- 2-5.Soil Chemistry -- 2-6.Atmospheric Chemistry -- Fundamentals of Gases -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 3.Biology -- Case Study: Poison Water? -- 3-1.Introduction -- 3-2.Chemical Composition Of Life -- Carbohydrates -- Nucleic Acids -- Proteins -- Lipids -- 3-3.The Cell -- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -- Cell Membrane -- Cell Organelles of Eukaryotes -- Cell Organelles of Plant Cells -- Cell Organelles of Prokaryotes -- 3-4.Energy And Metabolism -- Cells, Matter, and Energy -- 3-5.Cellular Reproduction -- The Cell Cycle -- Asexual Reproduction -- Sexual Reproduction -- 3-6.Diversity Of Living Things -- 3-7.Bacteria And Archaea -- Archaea -- Bacteria -- 3-8.Protists -- Protozoa -- Algae -- Slime Molds and Water Molds -- 3-9.Fungi -- Chytridiomycota -- Zygomycota -- Ascomycota -- Basidiomycota -- Deuteromyceta -- 3-10.Viruses -- 3-11.Microbial Disease -- 3-12.Microbial Transformations -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 4.Materials and Energy Balances -- 4-1.Introduction -- 4-2.Unifying Theories -- Conservation of Matter -- Conservation of Energy -- Conservation of Matter and Energy -- 4-3.Materials Balances -- Fundamentals -- Time as a Factor -- More Complex Systems -- Efficiency -- The State of Mixing -- Including Reactions and Loss Processes -- Reactors -- Reactor Analysis -- 4-4.Energy Balances -- First Law of Thermodynamics -- Fundamentals -- Second Law of Thermodynamics -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 5.Ecosystems -- Case Study: DDT'Curse or Blessing? -- 5-1.Introduction -- Ecosystems -- 5-2.Human Influences On Ecosystems -- 5-3.Energy And Mass Flow -- Bioaccumulation -- 5-4.Nutrient Cycles -- Carbon Cycle -- Nitrogen Cycle -- Phosphorus Cycle -- Sulfur Cycle -- 5-5.Population Dynamics -- Bacterial Population Growth -- Animal Population Dynamics -- Human Population Dynamics -- 5-6.Lakes: An Example Of Mass And Energy Cycling In An Ecosystem -- Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes -- Biological Zones -- Lake Productivity -- Eutrophication -- 5-7.Environmental Laws To Protect Ecosystems -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 6.Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management -- Case Study: No Swimming! -- 6-1.Introduction -- 6-2.Risk Perception -- 6-3.Risk Assessment -- Data Collection and Evaluation -- Toxicity Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- 6-4.Risk Management -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 7.Hydrology -- Case Study: The Dying of a Sea -- 7-1.Fundamentals Of Hydrology -- The Hydrological Cycle -- 7-2.Measurement Of Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, And Streamflow -- Precipitation -- Evaporation -- Infiltration -- Streamflow -- 7-3.Groundwater Hydrology -- Aquifers -- 7-4.Groundwater Flow -- 7-5.Well Hydraulics -- Definition of Terms -- Cone of Depression -- 7-6.Surface Water And Groundwater -- As A Water Supply -- 7-7.Depletion Of Groundwater And Surface Water -- Water Rights -- Water Use -- Land Subsidence -- 7-8.Stormwater Management -- Low Impact Development -- Wet Weather Green Infrastructure -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 8.Sustainability -- Case Study: A New Precious Metal -- Copper! -- 8-1.Introduction -- Sustainability -- The People Problem -- There Are No Living Dinosaurs -- Go Green -- 8-2.Water Resources -- Water, Water, Everywhere -- Frequency from Probability Analysis -- Floods -- Droughts -- 8-3.Energy Resources -- Fossil Fuel Reserves -- Nuclear Energy Resources -- Environmental Impacts -- Sustainable Energy Sources -- Green Engineering and Energy Conservation -- 8-4.Mineral Resources -- Reserves -- Environmental Impacts -- Resource Conservation -- 8-5.Soil Resources -- Energy Storage -- Plant Production -- 8-6.Parameters Of Soil Sustainability -- Nutrient Cycling -- Soil Acidity -- Soil Salinity -- Texture and Structure -- 8-7.Soil Conservation -- Soil Management -- Soil Erosion -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 9.Water Quality Management -- Case Study: There She Blows! -- 9-1.Introduction -- 9-2.Water Pollutants And Their Sources -- Point Sources -- Nonpoint Sources -- Oxygen-Demanding Material -- Nutrients -- Pathogenic Organisms -- Suspended Solids -- Salts -- Pesticides -- Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals -- Other Organic Chemicals -- Arsenic -- Toxic Metals -- Heat -- Nanoparticles -- 9-3.Water Quality Management In Rivers -- Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers -- Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- Nitrogen Oxidation -- DO Sag Curve -- Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers -- 9-4.Water Quality Management In Lakes -- Control of Phosphorus in Lakes -- Acidification of Lakes -- 9-5.Water Quality In Estuaries -- 9-6.Water Quality In Oceans -- 9-7.Groundwater Quality -- Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters -- 9-8.Source Water Protection -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 10.Water Treatment -- Case Study: Walkerton -- The Town Where Kids Died from E. coli -- 10-1.Introduction -- Water Quality -- Physical Characteristics -- Chemical Characteristics -- Microbiological Characteristics -- Radiological Characteristics -- U.S. Water Quality Standards -- Water Classification and Treatment Systems -- 10-2.Rapid Mixing, Flocculation, And Coagulation -- Colloid Stability and Destabilization -- The Physics of Coagulation -- Coagulants -- Mixing and Flocculation -- 10-3.Softening -- Hardness -- Lime -- Soda Softening -- Ion-Exchange Softening -- 10-4.Sedimentation -- Overview -- Determination of Settling Velocity (vs) -- Determination of Overflow Rate (vo) -- 10-5.Filtration -- 10-6.Disinfection -- Disinfection Kinetics -- Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products -- Chlorine Reactions in Water -- Chloramines -- Chlorine Dioxide -- Ozonation -- Ultraviolet Radiation -- 10-7.Other Treatment Processes For Drinking Water -- Membrane Processes -- Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) -- Carbon Adsorption -- Aeration -- 10-8.Water Plant Residuals Management -- Mass-Balance Analysis -- Sludge Treatment -- Ultimate Disposal -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 11.Wastewater Treatment -- Case Study: Cuyahoga River Burning -- 11-1.Introduction -- Wastewater Treatment Perspective -- 11-2.Characteristics Of Domestic Wastewater -- Physical Characteristics -- Chemical Characteristics -- Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater -- 11-3.Wastewater Treatment Standards -- Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes -- 11-4.On-Site Disposal Systems -- 11-5.Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems -- 1-6.Unit Operations Of Pretreatment -- Bar Racks -- Grit Chambers -- Macerators -- Equalization -- 11-7.Primary Treatment -- 11-8.Unit Processes Of Secondary Treatment -- Overview -- Role of Microorganisms -- Population Dynamics -- Activated Sludge -- Trickling Filters -- Oxidation Ponds -- Rotating Biological Contactors -- Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) -- Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) -- 11-9.Disinfection -- 11-10.Tertiary Wastewater Treatment -- Filtration -- Carbon Adsorption -- Chemical Phosphorus Removal -- Biological Phosphorus Removal -- Nitrogen Control -- 11-11.Land Treatment For Sustainability -- Slow Rate -- Overland Flow -- Rapid Infiltration -- Potential Adverse Affects -- 11-12.Sludge Treatment -- Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges -- Solids Computations -- Sludge Treatment Processes -- 11-13.Sludge Disposal -- Ultimate Disposal -- Land Spreading -- Landfilling -- Dedicated Land Disposal (DLD) -- Utilization -- Sludge Disposal Regulations -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 12.Air Pollution -- Case Study: The Fog -- 12-1.Introduction -- Air Pollution Perspective -- 12-2.Fundamentals -- Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure -- Relativity -- Adiabatic Expansion and Compression -- 12-3.Air Pollution Standards -- 12-4.Effects Of Air Pollutants -- Effects on Materials -- Effects on Vegetation -- Effects on Health -- 12-5.Origin And Fate Of Air Pollutants -- Carbon Monoxide --

Note continued: Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) -- Lead -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Photochemical Oxidants -- Sulfur Oxides -- Particulates -- 12-6.Micro And Macro Air Pollution -- Indoor Air Pollution -- Acid Rain -- Ozone Depletion -- Global Warming -- 12-7.Air Pollution Meteorology -- The Atmospheric Engine -- Turbulence -- Stability -- Terrain Effects -- 12-8.Atmospheric Dispersion -- Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants -- Dispersion Modeling -- 12-9.Indoor Air Quality Model -- 12-10.Air Pollution Control Of Stationary Sources -- Gaseous Pollutants -- Flue Gas Desulfurization -- Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides -- Particulate Pollutants -- Control Technologies for Mercury -- 12-11.Air Pollution Control Of Mobile Sources -- Engine Fundamentals -- Control of Automobile Emissions -- 12-12.Waste Minimization For Sustainability -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 13.Solid Waste Engineering -- Case Study: Too Much Waste, Too Little Space -- 13-1.Introduction -- Magnitude of the Problem -- 13-2.Characteristics Of Solid Waste -- 13-3.Solid Waste Management -- 13-4.Solid Waste Collection -- 13-5.Waste As Resource -- Background and Perspective -- Green Chemistry and Green Engineering -- Recycling -- Composting -- Source Reduction -- 13-6.Solid Waste Reduction -- Combustion Processes -- Types of Incinerators -- Public Health and Environmental Issues -- Other Thermal Treatment Processes -- 13-7.Disposal By Sanitary Landfill -- Site Selection -- Operation -- Environmental Considerations -- Leachate -- Methane and Other Gas Production -- Landfill Design -- Landfill Closure -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 14.Hazardous Waste -- Management -- Case Study: Not a Good Time at the Beach -- 14-1.Introduction -- Dioxins and PCBs -- 14-2.Epa's Hazardous Waste Designation System -- 14-3.Rcra And Hswa -- Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste -- Cradle-to-Grave Concept -- Generator Requirements -- Transporter Regulations -- Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements -- Underground Storage Tanks -- 14-4.Cercla And Sara -- The Superfund Law -- The National Priority List -- The Hazard Ranking System -- The National Contingency Plan -- Liability -- Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act -- 14-5.Hazardous Waste Management -- Waste Minimization -- Waste Exchange -- Recycling -- 14-6.Treatment Technologies -- Biological Treatment -- Chemical Treatment -- Physical/Chemical Treatment -- Incineration -- Stabilization-Solidification -- 14-7.Land Disposal -- Deep Well Injection -- Land Treatment -- The Secure Landfill -- 14-8.Groundwater Contamination -- And Remediation -- The Process of Contamination -- EPA's Groundwater Remediation Procedure -- Mitigation and Treatment -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 15.Noise Pollution -- 15-1.Introduction -- Properties of Sound Waves -- Sound Power and Intensity -- Levels and the Decibel -- Characterization of Noise -- 15-2.Effects Of Noise On People -- The Hearing Mechanism -- Normal Hearing -- Hearing Impairment -- Damage-Risk Criteria -- Speech Interference -- Annoyance -- Sleep Interference -- Effects on Performance -- Acoustic Privacy -- 15-3.Rating Systems -- Goals of a Noise-Rating System -- The Ln Concept -- The Leq Concept -- The Ldn Concept -- 15-4.Community Noise Sources And Criteria -- Transportation Noise -- Other Internal Combustion Engines -- Construction Noise -- Zoning and Siting Considerations -- Levels to Protect Health and Welfare -- 15-5.Transmission Of Sound Outdoors -- Inverse Square Law -- Radiation Fields of a Sound Source -- Directivity -- Airborne Transmission -- 15-6.Traffic Noise Prediction -- Leq Prediction -- Ldn Prediction -- 15-7.Noise Control -- Source-Path-Receiver Concept -- Control of Noise Source by Design -- Noise Control in the Transmission Path -- Control of Noise Source by Redress -- Protect the Receiver -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References -- 16.Ionizing Radiation -- 16-1.Fundamentals -- Atomic Structure -- Radioactivity and Radiation -- Radioactive Decay -- Radioisotopes -- Fission -- The Production of X-Rays -- Radiation Dose -- 16-2.Biological Effects Of Ionizing Radiation -- Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects -- Determinants of Biological Effects -- Acute Effects -- Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome -- Delayed Effects -- Genetic Effects -- 16-3.Radiation Standards -- 16-4.Radiation Exposure -- External and Internal Radiation Hazards -- Natural Background -- X-Rays -- Radionuclides -- Nuclear Reactor Operations -- Radioactive Wastes -- 16-5.Radiation Protection -- Reduction of External Radiation Hazards -- Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards -- 16-6.Radioactive Waste -- Types of Waste -- Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste -- Waste Isolation Pilot Plant -- Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste -- Long-Term Management and Containment -- Chapter Review -- Problems -- Discussion Questions -- References.