Human rights acts : the mechanisms compared / Kris Gledhill.

"Bloomsbury"--Cover.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Introduction: Aims and Outline -- 2. The Obligation to Secure Internationally Recognised -- 3. The Pre-Existing Protection of Human Rights -- 4. The Desire to Move Further -- 5. Working Out the Content of Rights -- 6. Pre-Enactment Scrutiny -- 7. The Duty to Respect Rights -- 8. Interpretive Obligation -- 9. Litigation and Complaint Procedures -- 10. Remedies -- 11. Summaries and Conclusions -- --

1. Introduction: Aims and Outline -- I. The Statutes Outlined -- A. The Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 and Charter of Rights -- B. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and -- C. UK-The Human Rights Act 1998 -- D. Ireland-The European Convention on -- E. Australian Capital Territory-The Human Rights Act 2004 -- F. Victoria-Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities -- G. Australia-Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) -- II. The Questions to be Explored -- -- 2. The Obligation to Secure Internationally Recognised -- I. The International Human Rights Regime and the Obligation -- A. The Background: the United Nations and the Council -- B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 -- C. The European Convention on Human Rights 1950 -- D. The International Covenant on Civil and Political -- E. Further Conventions-Council of Europe -- F. Further Conventions-United Nations -- G. Purpose of This Material -- II. The Need for an Effective Domestic Remedy -- III. International Monitoring and Complaint Provisions -- A. The Bodies Involved -- B. The Processes -- i. Monitoring -- ii. Inquiries -- iii. Complaints -- C. Remedies in the International Mechanisms -- i. Compensation -- ii. Enforcement -- -- 3. The Pre-Existing Protection of Human Rights -- I. Fundamental Rights in the Common Law Tradition -- A. The Rule of Law -- B. The Substantive Rights Protected -- C. The Method of Protection-Legality -- D. The Method of Protection-Control of Executive -- II. The Value of International Law in the Common Law Tradition -- A. Customary International Law -- B. International Treaty Law -- i. Ireland -- ii. The United Kingdom -- iii. The UK and Ireland: the European Union -- iv. Australia -- v. New Zealand -- vi. Discussion -- III. Conclusion-The Extent and Limits of the Common -- -- 4. The Desire to Move Further -- I. The Purpose of the Bills of Rights Statutes -- A. Introduction -- B. Relevant Statutory Provisions -- C. White Papers and Explanatory Memoranda -- i. New Zealand -- ii. United Kingdom -- iii. UK and Ireland -- iv. Ireland -- v. Australia -- D. The UK Devolution Legislation -- E. Discussion -- --

5. Working Out the Content of Rights -- I. The Structure of Rights and Limitations -- A. UDHR -- B. ECHR -- C. ICCPR -- D. Other Regional Treaties -- E. Summary; The Margin of Appreciation -- II. The Approach to Interpreting Human Rights Standards -- A. General Principles in the International Arena -- B. Taking Account of Other Conventions -- C. Common Law Approach -- III. Limiting Clauses in Domestic Bills of Rights Instruments -- A. The Statutory Language -- B. White Papers and Other Indications of Legislative Purpose -- C. Leading Case Law as to the General Limiting Clauses -- i. Canada -- ii. South Africa -- iii. Hong Kong -- iv. New Zealand -- v. Australia -- D. Deference to the Legislature -- IV. The Relationship Between International Rights and Tribunals -- A. Relevant Provisions -- B. White Papers and Explanatory Memoranda -- C. Discussion -- i. The Terminology of the Rights Standards -- ii. The Common Law Power Compared -- iii. The Discretion Involved -- iv. The Duty to Take into Account-UK and Ireland -- v. Domestic Precedent Rules -- -- 6. Pre-Enactment Scrutiny -- I. Legislative Statements of Compatibility -- A. The Statutory Provisions -- B. Supporting Policy Documents -- C. Variations in Law and Practice -- II. Parliamentary Scrutiny -- III. Legislative Override -- IV. Delegated Legislation -- -- 7. The Duty to Respect Rights -- I. State Responsibility at the International Law Level -- II. Responsibility at the Domestic Level -- A. Introduction -- B. The Statutory Language -- C. Analysis of the Statutory Language -- D. The Executive -- E. Functions of a Public Nature -- i. Introduction -- ii. The UK Case Law -- iii. Discussion -- F. Application to the Judiciary -- i. Introduction -- ii. Judicial Action based on the Statutes -- iii. Judicial Action where the Statutes do not Apply -- iv. Rediscovery of the Common Law, Including where -- -- 8. Interpretive Obligation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Statutory Language -- III. The Case Law -- A. Early New Zealand Case Law -- B. UK Case Law -- C. Later New Zealand Case Law -- D. Australian Comparative Material -- E. Irish Material -- F. Case Study-Reverse Burdens of Proof -- IV. Legality and the Statutory Obligation -- V. Discussion -- -- 9. Litigation and Complaint Procedures -- I. The Statutory Provisions -- A. Summary -- B. The Statutory Language Analysed -- II. Who Can Bring an Action?-Standing -- A. Implying a Cause of Action -- i. Constitutional Settings -- ii. Statutory Bills of Rights -- B. Who Can Bring an Action -- i. Natural or Legal Persons -- ii. Victims -- iii. Comparative Material -- C. Interventions and Parties -- III. Time Limits -- -- 10. Remedies -- I. The Remedy When Conduct is Illegal -- A. The Relevant Provisions -- B. The Range of Remedies -- C. Damages; the Nature and Purpose of the Remedy -- i. The Purpose and Nature of the Remedy -- ii. Quantum of Damages -- iii. Exemplary Damages -- II. The Remedy When Conduct is Required by an Incompatible -- A. The Limits on the Interpretive Obligation -- B. The Regimes Outlined -- C. The Express Power to Make a Declaration -- D. The Implied Power to Make a Declaration -- i. The UK Devolution Legislation -- ii. The NZBORA -- E. The Propriety of the Power; the Discretion -- F. Consequences-the Retention of the Statute; -- G. Consequences-A Remedy for the Victim -- -- 11. Summaries and Conclusions.