Principles of airway management / Brendan T. Finucane, Ban C.H. Tsui, Albert H. Santora.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Anatomy of the Airway -- 2. Evaluation of the Airway -- 3. Basic Emergency Airway Management and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) -- 4. Basic Equipment for Airway Management -- 5. The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and Other Extraglottic (Supraglottic) Airway Devices -- 6. Advanced Airway Devices -- 7. Indications and Preparation of the Patient for Intubation -- 8. Techniques of Intubation -- 9. The Difficult Airway -- 10. Pediatric Airway Management -- 11. Fiberoptically Guided Airway Management Techniques -- 12. Surgical Options in Airway Management -- 13. Mechanical Ventilation and Respiratory Care -- 14. Extubation Strategies: The Extubation Algorithm -- 15. Complications of Airway Management -- --

1. Anatomy of the Airway -- Introduction -- The Nose -- Oral Cavity -- Uvula -- Tonsils -- Tongue -- Pharynx -- Prevertebral Fascia -- Retropharyngeal Space -- Larynx -- Laryngeal Cartilages -- Laryngeal Cavity -- Nerve Supply to the Larynx -- Action of the Cricothyroid Muscle and the Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx -- Trachea and Bronchi -- Main Divisions of the Bronchial Tree -- Comparative Anatomy of the Adult and Infant Airways -- Head -- Nose -- Tongue -- Larynx -- Cricoid Cartilage -- Epiglottis -- Trachea and Mainstem Bronchi -- Suggested Reading -- -- 2. Evaluation of the Airway -- Introduction -- The Normal/Abnormal Airway -- Predictive Tests for Difficult Intubation -- Elective Intubation -- History Pertinent to Elective Airway Management -- Diabetes Mellitus -- NPO Status -- Physical Examination -- Structured Approach -- Bag/Valve/Mask Ventilation -- Additional Information -- Arterial Blood Gases -- ENT Consultation -- Radiologic Studies -- Pulmonary Function Studies -- Flow-Volume Loops -- Difficult Airway Clinic -- The "Awake Look" -- Suggested Reading -- -- 3. Basic Emergency Airway Management and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) -- Emergency Airway Management -- Importance of Basic Life Support -- Adult Basic Life Support (BLS) -- Chain of Survival -- Changes in the 2005 and 2010 AHA Recommendations -- The AHA Algorithm and Recommendations for Rescue Breaths, a Universal Compression-Ventilation Ratio, and Defibrillation -- Techniques of CPR -- Limitations and Complications of CPR -- Airway Obstruction -- Etiology of Upper Airway Obstruction -- The Tongue as a Cause of Airway Obstruction -- Foreign Body Airway Obstruction -- CPR and Precautions Against the Transmission of Disease -- Transmission of Disease from CPR Mannequins -- -- 4. Basic Equipment for Airway Management -- Introduction -- Oxygen Sources -- Wall Oxygen -- Tank Oxygen -- Pulse Oximetry and Capnography -- Vacuum Suction Apparatus -- Oxygen Delivery Systems for Spontaneously Breathing Patients -- Oxygenation and Ventilation Systems -- Airways -- Anesthesia Masks and Resuscitation Bags -- Equipment for Endotracheal Intubation -- Other Useful Airway Tools -- Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sterilizing Equipment -- Equipment Problems -- "The Dedicated Airway" and the "Ideal Airway Device" -- -- 5. The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and Other Extraglottic (Supraglottic) Airway Devices -- Introduction -- The "Ideal" Extraglottic Airway -- Classification of Extraglottic (Supraglottic) Airway Devices -- Description of Extraglottic Airways -- Basic Extraglottic Airway Design and Function -- Cleaning and Sterilization of Reusable LMA Products -- Basic LMA Design Features -- LMA Models -- Ambu Line of Extraglottic Airway Products -- General Information Concerning Ambu LMAs -- Sizing of Extraglottic Airways -- Descriptions of Extraglottic Airway Design and Features -- Illustrations of Extraglottic Airway Devices -- Insertion Techniques -- Preinsertion Recommendations -- LMA Insertion Recommendations -- LMA Insertion -- Index Finger Insertion Technique -- Thumb Insertion Technique -- LMA Pro Seal Insertion Using the Introducer -- Testing the LMA Pro Seal for Proper Positioning: "Malpositioning Test" -- LMA Fastrach Insertion and Intubation Through the Airway -- Insertion of Ambu Mask Airways -- Insertion of the SLIPA SGA -- Insertion of SLIPA Airway -- Insertion of the King LT(S)-D Airway -- Modified Insertion Techniques -- Use of the GEB (Gum Elastic Bougie) for LMA Pro Seal Insertion -- Laryngoscope-Guided, GEB-Guided LMA Pro Seal Insertion Technique -- Removing the Extraglottic Airway -- Further Comments on LMA Size -- Ease of LMA Insertion and Airway Grading Systems -- Comparison of Methods to Assess LMA Airway Sealing Pressures -- LMA and Modalities of Ventilation -- Use of the LMA with Pediatric Patients -- Insertion Techniques for Pediatric Patients -- Removal of the LMA in Pediatric Patients -- Use of the LMA to Manage Patients with Congenital Airway Anomalies -- LMA and Neonatal Resuscitation -- Diagnostic Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy with LMA Assistance -- Use of the LMA in Pediatric Surgical Patients with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URI's) and Mild Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) -- The Learning Curve for Use of the LMA on Pediatric Patients -- Long-Term Use of the LMA on Pediatric Patients -- The Use of the LMA Pro Seal on Pediatric Patients -- Innovative Uses of the LMA -- Patient Position -- Adjunctive Equipment to Aid Endotracheal Intubation Through the Extraglottic Airway -- Extraglottic Airways and the "Difficult Airway" -- Use of the LMA to Manage the Difficult Airway in Obstetric Patients -- Use of the LMA and the Difficult Pediatric Airway -- The LMA and the Morbidly Obese Patient -- Use of the LMA in Patients with Cervical Spine Pathology -- Cervical Pressure and Movement Associated with LMA Use -- Role of the LMA Outside of the Operating Room (Pre Hospital and Emergency Room) -- Problems Associated with the Use of Extraglottic Airway Devices -- What to Do if the Patient Regurgitates with an Extraglottic Airway in Place -- U.S. FDA Regulations Concerning the Introduction of Extraglottic Airway Devices to the Market: " -- 510 (k) Exempt" Classification -- Is the Extraglottic Airway Device Interchangeable with the Endotracheal Tube in the Practice of Anesthesia? -- -- 6. Advanced Airway Devices -- Introduction -- Supra and Infraglottic Devices -- Supraglottic Devices -- Infraglottic Devices -- Laryngoscope Handles and Blades -- Handles -- Blades -- Fiberoptic Laryngoscopes -- Truview EVO2 -- Heine Flex Tip+ -- Flipper -- Bullard -- Wu Scope -- Video laryngoscopes -- Storz DCI Video Intubating System -- Glide Scope -- Mc Grath -- Airway Scope (AWS-S100) -- Airtraq -- Trach View Intubating Videoscope -- Comparisons of Indirect Laryngoscopes -- Stylets and Light Wands -- Conventional Stylets: Endotracheal Tube Introducers and Exchangers -- Optical Stylets -- Illuminating Stylets (Lightwands) -- Endotracheal Tubes -- Articulating -- Armored or Wire-Reinforced -- Double-Lumen Endobronchial -- Polar RAE (Ring-Adair-Elwyn) -- Uncuffed -- Parker Flex-Tip -- Glide Rite -- Brief Review of Other Tubes -- Cricothyrotomy -- Catheter-Over-Needle Technique -- Wire-Guided Technique -- Ultrasound Imaging of the Airway -- Oral Cavity and Pharynx -- Larynx -- Cervical Trachea -- Lung -- Available Portable Ultrasound Systems -- Airway Management Training Devices -- Task/Skills Trainers -- Manikins and Simulated Settings -- Animal Models -- Cadaver Models -- Virtual Reality Simulators -- -- 7. Indications and Preparation of the Patient for Intubation -- Introduction -- General Indications for Intubation -- Ventilatory Support -- Selecting the Route of Intubation -- Orotracheal Intubation -- Nasotracheal Intubation -- Transtracheal Intubation -- Endobronchial Intubation -- Preparation of the Patient for Intubation Outside the Operating Room -- Patient Interview -- Sedation -- Local Anesthetic Techniques -- General Anesthesia -- Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs -- Depolarizing Drug: Succinylcholine -- Nondepolarizing Drugs -- Methods of Administering a Neuromuscular Blocking Drug -- Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade -- Suggested Reading -- -- 8. Techniques of Intubation -- Introduction -- Intubation Methods -- Orotracheal Intubation by Direct Vision in an Adult (Macintosh Blade) -- Orotracheal Intubation by Direct Vision in an Adult (Miller Blade) -- Nasotracheal Intubation by Direct Vision in an Adult (Macintosh Blade) -- Airway Maneuvers -- BURP -- OELM -- Sellick's Maneuver (Cricoid Pressure) -- Failed Intubation (Normal Anatomy) -- Suggested Reading -- -- 9. The Difficult Airway -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Mask Ventilation -- Incidence of the Difficult Airway -- Etiology of Difficult Intubation -- Limited Access to the Oropharynx or Nasopharynx -- Inability to See the Larynx -- Diminished Cross-Sectional Area of the Larynx or Trachea -- Practice Guidelines and the ASA Difficult Airway Algorithm -- Difficult Airway Kit -- Basic Essentials of an Airway Kit -- Structured Approach to the Difficult Airway in the Operative Room -- Failed Awake Intubation for Elective Surgery -- Unanticipated Difficult Airway in Elective Surgery -- Unanticipated Difficult Intubation in Emergency Surgery -- Anticipated Difficulty in Elective or Emergency Surgery -- Loss of the Airway: "Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate" -- Difficult Airway in Special Circumstances -- Emergency Room -- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) -- Operating Room --

10. Pediatric Airway Management -- Section A: Basic and Difficult Airway Management -- Introduction -- The Pediatric Airway: Anatomy and Function -- Susceptibility to Obstruction -- Susceptibility to Respiratory Failure -- Difficulty During Tracheal Intubation -- Basic Airway Management and CPR in Infants and Children -- Opening the Airway -- Basic Life Support -- Resuscitation of the Neonate -- 2005 and 2010 American Heart Association Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines -- The Neonatal Resuscitation Program -- Airway Equipment -- Face Masks -- Airways -- Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and Other Supraglottic Devices -- T-Piece -- Intubation Equipment -- Techniques For Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation -- Techniques of Routine Endotracheal Intubation in Infants and Children -- Premedication and Induction of Anesthesia -- Position -- Confirmation -- Stabilization and Monitoring -- Laryngospasm -- Intubation Trauma -- Difficult Pediatric Airway -- Definition and Classifications -- Anesthetic Management and Induction Technique -- Clinical Strategies for Difficult Ventilation and Intubation -- Fiberoptic Intubation Techniques -- Extubation Considerations for the Difficult Airway -- Airway Obstruction in the Child -- Clinical Presentation -- Etiology -- Managing Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO) -- Treating Epiglottitis and Croup -- Management of the Child with Impending Complete Airway Obstruction -- Heliox in Pediatric Airway Management -- Tracheostomy in the Child -- Preparation -- Technique -- Complications -- Section B: Advanced Airway Management for Endoscopic (ENT) Procedures -- Introduction -- Description of Basic Endoscopic Procedures -- Flexible Endoscopy -- Rigid Bronchoscopy -- Microlaryngoscopy -- Anesthetic Considerations for Endoscopic Procedures -- Goals of the Anesthesiologist during Pediatric ENT Procedures -- General Anesthetic Approaches -- Anesthetic Options During the Airway Procedure -- Clinical Scenarios -- Upper Airway Pathology -- Lower Airway Pathology -- -- 11. Fiberoptically Guided Airway Management Techniques -- Introduction -- Applications -- Implementation: Learning the Technique -- Indications -- Equipment -- Intubating Airways -- Masks/Adapters -- Endotracheal Tubes -- Light Source -- Fiberoptic Endoscope -- Fiberoptic Cart -- Techniques of Fiberoptic Intubation -- Awake Fiberoptic Intubation -- Fiberoptic Intubation for an Anesthetized Patient -- Difficulty Passing the Endotracheal Tube Offthe Fiberoptic Scope: Causes and Solutions -- Right Arytenoid Cartilage Impediment to Endotracheal Tube Passage over Endoscope -- Rotation of the Endotracheal Tube -- Alternate Endotracheal Tube Tip Designs -- Tube Size and Fiberoptic Scope Diameter -- Conclusions -- Complications of Fiberoptic Intubation -- Special Uses of the Fiberoptic Endoscope -- Endobronchial Tube Placement -- Retrograde Wire-Guided Intubation -- Endotracheal Tube Change -- Case Report -- Techniques to use in the ICU -- Pediatric Use -- Fiberoptic Endoscopy and Adjunctive Airway Devices -- COPA (Cuffed Oropharyngeal Airway) -- LMA (Laryngeal Mask Airway) -- Other Devices -- Fiberoptic Endoscope and Jet Ventilation -- Fiberoptic Endoscopy in the Difficult/Emergent Airway Scenario -- Optical Intubating Stylets -- -- 12. Surgical Options in Airway Management -- Introduction -- Oxygenation vs. Ventilation -- Airway Algorithms -- Preparing to Manage the Surgical Airway -- Surgical Options in Airway Management -- Techniques -- Needle/Catheter Cricothyroidotomy -- Retrograde Catheter-Assisted Intubation -- Minitracheostomy -- Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy (PDT) -- Adjunctive Equipment and Techniques Used to Facilitate PDT Placement and other Surgical Airway Management Options -- Learning Percutaneous Tracheostomy -- Clinical Patterns of PDT Utilization -- Teaching Surgical Airway Techniques -- Contraindications to Performing Percutaneous Tracheostomy -- Emergency Percutaneous Tracheostomy -- Emergency Surgical Cricothyrotomy -- Emergency Cricothyroidotomy Techniques -- Formal Tracheostomy -- Rigid Bronchoscopy -- -- 13. Mechanical Ventilation and Respiratory Care -- Introduction -- Description of a Mechanical Ventilator -- Commonly Utilized Modes of Ventilation -- Siemens Servo Ventilator -- Initial Ventilator Settings -- Pediatric and Neonatal Ventilation -- Weaning the Patient from Mechanical Ventilation -- Troubleshooting Ventilator Problems -- Current Strategies and Practices in Mechanical Ventilation and Respiratory Care -- ALI/ARDS (Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) -- Current Ventilation Strategies -- Recruitment Maneuvers -- Alternative Modalities of Ventilation -- New Weaning Strategies -- Complications of Mechanical Ventilation -- Ventilator Associated Pneumonia -- Closed-Circuit Suctioning -- Portable Ventilators -- Hyperbaric Oxygenation -- Ethical Considerations of Mechanical Ventilation -- Future ALI/ARDS Research -- -- 14. Extubation Strategies: The Extubation Algorithm -- Introduction -- Purpose of an Algorithm -- Purpose of an Extubation Algorithm -- Extubation Criteria -- Extubation Criteria Following a Difficult Intubation -- Strategies to Extubate a Patient with a Difficult Airway -- American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on the Management of the Difficult Airway: Strategy for Extubation of the Difficult Airway -- Difficult Airway Extubation Algorithms -- Hagberg et al. Extubation Algorithm -- Extubation Algorithm for Patients with Difficult Airways -- Preoxygenation -- Airway Anesthesia Prior to Extubation -- Patient Education Prior to Extubation -- Option A: Extubation over an Airway Guide -- Option B: Extubation with Fiberoptic Guidance -- Option C: Extubation with Video Laryngoscopic Guidance -- Combined Extubation Options -- 15. Complications of Airway Management -- Introduction -- Complications Arising During Intubation -- Trauma -- Hypoxemia -- Complications Arising Immediately After Intubation -- Hypoxemia -- Complications Arising upon Removal of Endotracheal Tube -- Hypoxemia -- Sore Throat -- Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction -- Vocal Cord Injury -- Neural Injury -- Complications Arising from Long-Term Intubation -- Ulceration of the Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea -- Granuloma Formation -- Formation of Synechiae and Webs -- Tracheal Stenosis -- Complications Occurring Specifically in Relation to Nasotracheal Intubation -- Epistaxis -- Submucosal Dissection -- Middle Turbinectomy -- Trauma to the Posterior Pharyngeal Wall -- Trauma to the Adenoids -- Pressure Necrosis in the Nose -- Obstruction of the Eustachian Tube -- Maxillary Sinusitis -- Complications of Laser Surgery -- Airway Management Complications Summarized from Anesthesiology Morbidity Studies -- American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Study -- Australian Incident Monitoring Study (AIMS) -- Deaths Attributed to Anesthesia in New South Wales: 1984-1990 -- The Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry (POCA) -- NCEPOD (National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths) -- SAMS (Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality) -- Danish Morbidity Study: 1994-1998.

Machine converted from AACR2 source record.