Disability, society, and the individual / Julie Smart.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Introduction -- Part I. Definitions of Disability -- 1. Defining Disability -- Does Anyone Know What "Normal" Is? -- The Link Between the Academic Discipline of Statistics and Eugenics -- Categorizing Disabilities -- Physical Disabilities -- Intellectual Disabilities -- Cognitive Disabilities -- Psychiatric Disabilities -- Does Everyone Have a Disability of Some Sort? -- There Are More Disabilities Than Ever Before -- Six Reasons for Increasing Disability Rates -- 2. Models of Disability: The Biomedical Model, the Environmental Model -- the Functional Model, and the Sociopolitical Model -- What Are Models of Disability? -- The Biomedical Model of Disability -- The Environmental Model of Disability -- The Functional Model of Disability -- The Sociopolitical Model of Disability -- Models of Disability, American Legislation, and Agencies That -- Serve Persons with Disabilities -- Dichotomy or Continuum? -- Additional Categories of Disabilities -- The Americans with Disabilities Act: Equal Opportunity Under the Law -- The ADA Definition of Disability -- Results of the ADA -- Talking about Disability -- Lab els. That Attempt To Describe All Those Different from the Majority -- Part II. Society and Disability -- 3. Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination, Part -- Societal Prejudices Often Become Self-Identifiers -- Prejudice against People with Disabilities Today in the United States -- The Outcomes of the ADA -- Examining Prejudice and Discrimination Against PWDs -- The Economic Threat -- The Safety Threat -- The Ambiguity of Disability -- The Salience of the Perceived Defining Nature of the Disability -- Spread or Overgeneralization -- Assisted Suicide -- 4. Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination, Part -- Moral Accountability for the Cause of Disability -- Moral Accountability for the Management of the Disability -- The Inferred Emotional Consequence of the Disability -- or Difficult Does Not Mean Tragic -- Society's Emphasis on Health, Fitness, and Beauty -- Fear of Acquiring a Disability or Existential Angst, or -- Three Societal Responses to Disability -- Charity Telethons or "Elephants Running in the Forest" -- Civil Rights for PWDs -- What is Justice? -- 5. The Effects of Prejudice and Discrimination -- Are Disabilities Viewed as Difference or as Deviance? -- Are PWDs "Differently Challenged"? -- Do Disabilities Always Lead to Social Inferiority? -- Handicapism -- The Handicapism of Well-Intentioned People -- The Contact Theory -- Equal Social Status Contact -- Perceptions of the Disability That May Be Associated with Prejudice -- The Degree of Visibility of the Disability -- Other Factors That Influence the Perception of PWDs -- The Drawbacks To Having Disabled Heroes -- Aesthetic Qualities of the Disability -- Impression Management -- Simulation Exercises -- 6. Experiencing Prejudice and Discrimination -- Introduction -- Stereotyping -- Pity -- Role Entrapment -- Lowered Expectations, or "Let's Give Those Poor Disabled People a Break" -- Lack of Privacy -- Hypervisibility and Overobservation -- Solo Status -- Token Status -- Paternalism -- Infantilization -- Viewing PWDs as Objects -- Viewing PWDs as Animals -- Unnecessary Dependence -- Equal Social Status Relationships -- The Media's Portrayal of PWDs -- Crime and Abuse of People with Disabilities -- Second-Class Citizenship (For Which Americans Must -- Assume Collective Responsibility) -- Comparing Handicapism to Racism -- Part III. The Individual and Disability -- 7. The Individual's Response to Disability -- View from the Outside Versus Life on the Inside -- Acceptance of Disability or Response to Disability -- What Is a "Good" Response to a Disability? -- Cognitive Restructuring -- What Is a Poor Response to a Disability? -- Secondary Gains, Malingering, and Psychogenic Pain Disorder -- Problems in Measuring an Individual's Response to a Disability -- The Stage Model of Adaptation to Disability -- The Stages of Response in Disability -- Transcendence -- Advantages of the Stage Theory -- Cautions in Implementing the Stage Theory -- Appendix 7. A: First-Person Narratives of People with Disabilities -- Appendix 7. B: Acceptance of Disability Scale -- 8. The Onset and Diagnosis of the Disability -- Factors That Affect the Impact of the Onset of Disability -- Time of Onset -- Parents of Children with Congenital Disabilities -- Atypical Childhood Experiences -- Hearing Children of Parents Who Are Deaf -- Prelingual Deafness -- Congenital Blindness or Blindness Acquired in Infancy -- Residential Schools -- Acquired Disabilities -- The Developmental Stage of Acquisition -- Type of Onset -- The Impact of a Long Prediagnosis Period -- 9. Other Factors of the Disability -- The Course of the Disability -- The Phases or Stages of the Course of a Disability -- The Three Types of Courses -- Degenerating Episodic Disabilities -- Communication Difficulties -- The Meaning of the Loss of Functioning -- Severity of the Disability -- Quality of Life -- Pain and Trauma of the Disability -- Chronic Pain -- Psychogenic Pain Disorder -- More About Pain -- The Degree of Stigma Directed toward the Disability -- The Degree of Visibility of the Disability -- Degree of Disfigurement of the Disability -- Body Image -- Disfigurements as Social Handicaps -- The Treatment of Individuals with Disfiguring Disabilities -- Treatment -- The Perspective of the Client /Consumer -- What Do PWDs Want from Professional Care Providers? -- Autonomy, Independence, and Control -- The Importance of Social Support -- Conclusion -- Epilogue.

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