Psychology and life / Richard J. Gerrig with Philip G. Zimbardo.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Psychology and Life -- What Makes Psychology Unique? -- Definitions -- The Goals of Psychology -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why Do Friendships End? -- The Evolution of Modern Psychology -- Psychology's Historical Foundations -- Women as Pioneering Researchers -- Perspectives on Psychology -- What Psychologists Do -- Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Do Psychologists Participate in the Legal System? -- How To Use This Text -- Study Strategies -- Study Techniques -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 2. Research Methods in Psychology -- The Process of Research -- Observer Biases and Operational Definitions -- Experimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls -- Correlational Methods -- Subliminal Influence? -- Psychology in Your Life: Can Survey Research Affect Your Attitudes? -- Psychological Measurement -- Achieving Reliability and Validity -- Self-Report Measures -- Behavioral Measures and Observations -- Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research -- Informed Consent -- Risk /Gain Assessment -- Intentional Deception -- Debriefing -- Issues in Animal Research -- Becoming A Wiser Research Consumer -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why is Skill with Numbers Important? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- Statistical Supplement -- Understanding Statistics: Analyzing Data and Forming Conclusions -- Analyzing the Data -- Descriptive Statistics -- Inferential Statistics -- Becoming A Wise Consumer of Statistics -- Key Terms -- 3. The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Behavior -- Heredity and Behavior -- Evolution and Natural Selection -- Variation in the Human Genotype -- The Nervous System in Action -- The Neuron -- Action Potentials -- Synaptic Transmission -- Neurotransmitters and Their Functions -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: What Does "It's Genetic" Mean? -- Biology and Behavior -- Eavesdropping on the Brain -- The Nervous System -- Brain Structures and Their Functions -- Hemispheric Lateralization -- The Endocrine System -- Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains -- Psychology in Your Life: How Does Your Brain Determine Trust? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 4. Sensation and Perception -- Sensory Knowledge of the World -- The Proximal and Distal Stimuli -- Psychophysics -- From Physical Events to Mental Events -- The Visual System -- The Human Eye -- The Pupil and the Lens -- The Retina -- Processes in the Brain -- Seeing Color -- Hearing -- The Physics of Sound -- Psychological Dimensions of Sound -- The Physiology of Hearing -- Your Other Senses -- Smell -- Taste -- Touch and Skin Senses -- The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses -- Pain -- Psychology in Your Life: What is Eating "Hot" Food Painful? -- Organizational Processes in Perception -- Attentional Processes -- Principles of Perceptual Grouping -- Spatial and Temporal Integration -- Motion Perception -- Depth Perception -- Perceptual Constancies -- Illusions -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Are Drivers Distracted When They Use Their Cell Phones? -- Identification and Recognition Processes -- Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes -- The Influence of Contexts and Expectations -- Final Lessons -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 5. Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States -- The Contents of Consciousness -- Awareness and Consciousness -- Studying the Contents of Consciousness -- The Functions of Consciousness -- The Uses of Consciousness -- Studying the Functions of Consciousness -- Sleep and Dreams -- Circadian Rhythms -- The Sleep Cycle -- Why Sleep? -- Sleep Disorders -- Dreams: Theater of the Mind -- Psychology in Your Life: Are You a Morning Type or an Evening Type? -- Altered States of Consciousness -- Lucid Dreaming -- Hypnosis -- Meditation -- Mind-Altering Drugs -- Dependence and Addiction -- Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: What Can We Learn from "The Munchies"? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 6. Learning and Behavior Analysis -- The Study of Learning -- What Is Learning? -- Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis -- Classical Conditioning: Learning Predictable Signals -- Pavlov's Surprising Observation -- Processes of Conditioning -- Focus on Acquisition -- Applications of Classical Conditioning -- Psychology in Your Life: How Does Classical Conditioning Affect Cancer Treatment? -- Operant Conditioning: Learning About Consequences -- The Law of Effect -- Experimental Analysis of Behavior -- Reinforcement Contingencies -- Properties of Reinforcers -- Schedules of Reinforcement -- Shaping -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: To Spank or Not to Spank? -- Biology and Learning -- Instinctual Drift -- Taste-Aversion Learning -- Cognitive Influences on Learning -- Comparative Cognition -- Observational Learning -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 7. Memory -- What Is Memory? -- Functions of Memory -- An Overview of Memory Processes -- Memory Use for the Short-Term -- Iconic Memory -- Short-Term Memory -- Working Memory -- Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval -- Retrieval Cues -- Context and Encoding -- The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval -- Why We Forget -- Improving Memory for Unstructured Information -- Metamemory -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can Memory Research Help Your Prepare for Exams? -- Structures in Long-Term Memory -- Memory Structures -- Remembering as a Reconstructive Process -- Biological Aspects of Memory -- Searching for the Engram -- Memory Disorders -- Brain Imaging -- Psychology in Your Life: Why Does Alzheimer's Disease Affect Memory? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide --

8. Cognitive Processes -- Studying Cognition -- Discovering the Processes of Mind -- Mental Processes and Mental Resources -- Language Use -- Language Production -- Language Understanding -- Language and Evolution -- Language, Thought, and Culture -- Psychology in Your Life: Why and How Do People Lie? -- Visual Cognition -- Using Visual Representations -- Combining Verbal and Visual Representations -- Problem Solving and Reasoning -- Problem Solving -- Deductive Reasoning -- Inductive Reasoning -- Judgment and Decision Making -- Heuristics and Judgment -- The Psychology of Decision Making -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Political Experts Predict the Future? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 9. Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment -- What Is Assessment? -- History of Assessment -- Basic Features of Formal Assessment -- Intelligence Assessment -- The Origins of Intelligence Testing -- IQ Tests -- Extremes of Intelligence -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can You Trust Assessment on the Web? -- Theories of Intelligence -- Psychometric Theories of Intelligence -- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence -- Gardner's Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence -- The Politics of Intelligence -- The History of Group Comparisons -- Heredity and IQ -- Environments and IQ -- Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests -- Creativity -- Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence -- Extremes of Creativity -- Psychology in Your Life: How Can You Become More Creative? -- Assessment and Society -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 10. Human Development Across the Life Span -- Studying Development -- Physical Development Across the Life Span -- Prenatal and Childhood Development -- Physical Development in Adolescence -- Physical Changes in Adulthood -- Cognitive Development Across the Life Span -- Piaget's Insights Into Mental Development -- Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development -- Cognitive Development in Adulthood -- Psychology in Your Life: Will Your Brain Work Differently as You Age? -- Acquiring Language -- Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words -- Learning Word Meanings -- Acquiring Grammar -- Social Development Across the Life Span -- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages -- Social Development in Childhood -- Social Development in Adolescence -- Social Development in Adulthood -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Day Care Affect Children's Development? -- Sex and Gender Differences -- Sex Differences -- Gender Identity and Gender Roles -- Moral Development -- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning -- Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning -- Learning To Age Successfully -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 11. Motivation -- Understanding Motivation -- Functions of Motivational Concepts -- Sources of Motivation -- A Hierarchy of Needs -- Eating -- The Physiology of Eating -- The Psychology of Eating -- Psychology in Your Life: How Does the Presence of Others Influence Your Eating? -- Sexual Behaviors -- Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors -- Human Sexual Arousal and Response -- The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors -- Sexual Norms -- Homosexuality -- Motivation for Personal Achievement -- Need for Achievement -- Attributions for Success and Failure -- Work and Organizational Psychology -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Motivation Affect Academic Achievement? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 12. Emotion, Stress, and Health -- Emotions -- Basic Emotions and Culture -- Theories of Emotion -- The Impact of Mood and Emotions -- Subjective Well-Being -- Psychology in Your Life: Can You Accurately Predict Your Future Emotions? -- Stress of Living -- Physiological Stress Reactions -- Psychological Stress Reactions -- Coping with Stress -- Positive Effects of Stress -- Health Psychology -- The Biopsychosocial Model of Health -- Health Promotion -- Treatment -- Personality and Health -- Job Burnout and the Health-Care System -- A Toast to Your Health -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Health Psychology Help You Get More Exercise? -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 13. Understanding Human Personality -- Type and Trait Personality Theories -- Categorizing by Types -- Describing with Traits -- Traits and Heritability -- Do Traits Predict Behaviors? -- Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories -- Psychodynamic Theories -- Freudian Psychoanalysis -- Evaluation of Freudian Theory -- Extending Psychodynamic Theories -- Psychology in Your Life: Why Are Some People Shy? -- Humanistic Theories -- Features of Humanistic Theories -- Evaluation of Humanistic Theories -- Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories -- Rotter's Expectancy Theory -- Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory -- Bandura's Cognitive Social-Learning Theory -- Cantor's Social Intelligence Theory -- Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories -- Self Theories -- Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts -- Self-Esteem -- The Cultural Construction of Self -- Evaluation of Self Theories -- Comparing Personality Theories -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How is Personality Conveyed in Cyberspace? -- Assessing Personality -- Objective Tests -- Projective Tests -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide --

14. Psychological Disorders -- The Nature of Psychological Disorders -- Deciding What Is Abnormal -- The Problem of Objectivity -- Classifying Psychological Disorders -- The Etiology of Psychopathology -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Do Disorders Enter DSM? -- Anxiety Disorders -- Generalized Anxiety Disorder -- Panic Disorder -- Phobias -- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Causes of Anxiety Disorders -- Mood Disorders -- Major Depressive Disorder -- Bipolar Disorder -- Causes of Mood Disorders -- Gender Differences in Depression -- Suicide -- Psychology in Your Life: How Can We Pinpoint Interactions of Nature and Nurture? -- Personality Disorders -- Borderline Personality Disorder -- Antisocial Personality Disorder -- Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders -- Somatoform Disorders -- Dissociative Disorders -- Schizophrenic Disorders -- Major Types of Schizophrenia -- Causes of Schizophrenia -- Psychological Disorders of Childhood -- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder -- Autistic Disorder -- The Stigma of Mental Illness -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 15. Therapies for Psychological Disorders -- The Therapeutic Context -- Goals and Major Therapies -- Therapists and Therapeutic Settings -- Diversity Issues in Psychotherapy -- Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment -- Psychodynamic Therapies -- Freudian Psychoanalysis -- Later Psychodynamic Therapies -- Psychology in Your Life: Are Lives Haunted by Repressed Memories? -- Behavior Therapies -- Counterconditioning -- Contingency Management -- Social-Learning Therapy -- Generalization Techniques -- Cognitive Therapies -- Changing False Beliefs -- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -- Humanistic Therapies -- Client-Centered Therapy -- Gestalt Therapy -- Group Therapies -- Couple and Family Therapy -- Community Support Groups -- Biomedical Therapies -- Drug Therapy -- Psychosurgery -- ECT and rTMS -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: Does Therapy Affect Brain Activity? -- Treatment Evaluation and Prevention Strategies -- Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness -- Prevention Strategies -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide -- 16. Social Psychology -- Constructing Social Reality -- The Origins of Attribution Theory -- The Fundamental Attribution Error -- Self-Serving Biases -- Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies -- The Power of the Situation -- Roles and Rules -- Social Norms -- Conformity -- Decision Making in Groups -- Obedience to Authority -- Attitudes, Attitude Change, and Action -- Attitudes and Behaviors -- Processes of Persuasion -- Persuasion by Your Own Actions -- Compliance -- Prejudice -- Origins of Prejudice -- Effects of Stereotypes -- Reversing Prejudice -- Social Relationships -- Liking -- Loving -- Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Are You Like a Chameleon? -- Aggression, Altruism, and Prosocial Behavior -- Individual Differences in Aggression -- Situational Influences on Aggression -- The Roots of Prosocial Behavior -- The Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior -- Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can You Get People to Volunteer? -- A Personal Endnote -- Recapping Main Points -- Key Terms -- Practice Test -- Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide.

Machine converted from AACR2 source record.