Physics of sailing / John Kimball.

Includes index.

1. Depart, Depart from Solid Earth -- 1.1. Why Sailing, Why Physics, Why Both? -- 1.2. Origins -- 1.2.1. Egypt -- 1.2.2. The First Sailors -- 1.2.3. Polynesia -- 1.2.4. China -- 1.2.5. Speculations -- 1.3. There's MuchMore -- 2. Downwind-The Easy Direction -- 2.1. Speed -- 2.2. Forces -- 2.2.1. Quadratic Approximation -- 2.2.2. Newton's Impact Theory -- 2.2.3. Refinements -- 2.3. Boatspeed -- 2.3.1. Apparent Wind Speed, V -- 2.3.2. Downwind Speed Ratio, S<sub>0< /sub> -- 2.3.3. Calculating the Downwind Speed Ratio -- 2.3.3.1. Archimedes Principle -- 2.4. Wind Shadow -- 2.5. Acceleration -- 2.6. Examples -- 2.6.1. Force and Power -- 2.6.2. Real Boat Speeds -- 2.6.3. A Check -- 2.6.4. Better Speed Calculations -- 2.6.5. Acceleration -- 2.7. The Speed Limit -- 3. Upwind-The Hard Direction -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.1.1. Lift and Drag -- 3.1.2. Wind Direction -- 3.1.3. Forces -- 3.2. Iceboats -- 3.2.1. Iceboat Forces -- 3.2.2. Iceboat Speed Diagram -- 3.2.3. Derivation of Iceboat Speed Diagram -- 3.2.4. Iceboat Speed Diagram Interpretation -- 3.2.5. Ice Friction -- 3.3. Sailboat Speeds -- 3.3.1. Step 1: Lift and Drag Phenomenology -- 3.3.2. Step 2: Centerboard Lift and Drag -- 3.3.3. Where Is the Theory? -- 3.3.4. Step 3: Pushing the Sailboat -- 3.3.5. Step 4: Wind Lift and Drag -- 3.3.6. Step 5: Wind and Water Forces Combined -- 3.3.6.1. Scaled Units -- 3.3.6.2. Comparing Graphs -- 3.3.6.3. Broad Reach -- 3.3.6.4. Sailing Closer to Windward -- 3.3.6.5. Generalization -- 3.3.6.6. Closest to the Wind -- 3.3.7. Step 6: Sailboat Speed Diagram -- 3.3.7.1. Basic Example: A Standard Sailboat -- 3.3.7.2. Comparison of Speeds -- 3.3.7.3. Comparisons of Lift-to-Drag Ratios -- 3.4. Why Is Sailing Upwind So Complicated? -- 4. Tipping, Torques, and Trouble -- 4.1. Roll, Pitch, and Yaw -- 4.2. Torques -- 4.2.1. Winch: A Simple Example -- 4.2.2. More General Torques -- 4.3. Centers of Mass, Buoyancy, and Effort -- 4.3.1. Center of Mass -- 4.3.2. Center of Buoyancy -- 4.3.3. Center of Effort -- 4.4. Catamaran -- 4.4.1. Catamaran Roll and Capsize -- 4.4.2. Catamaran Pitch -- 4.5. Iceboat -- 4.6. Monohull -- 4.7. Staying Upright -- 4.7.1. Limiting the Sail's Torque -- 4.7.2. Increasing the Restoring Torque -- 4.8. Steering and Helm -- 4.9. Dynamics -- 4.9.1. Moment of Inertia -- 4.9.2. Resonance -- 4.9.3. Instability -- 4.10. Upright Mast -- 4.11. Personal Torques -- 5. See How the Mainsail Sets -- 5.1. Spinnaker -- 5.1.1. Gaussian Curvature -- 5.1.2. Spinnaker Shape Changes -- 5.1.3. Make Your Own Sail -- 5.1.4. Stress -- 5.2. Mainsail and Jib -- 5.2.1. Tight Leech -- 5.2.2. Tight Foot -- 5.2.3. Perfect Blend -- 5.2.4. Sail Shape Equations -- 5.2.5. Sail Characterization -- 5.2.5.1. Twist -- 5.2.5.2. Camber Ratio -- 5.2.5.3. Maximum Draft Position -- 5.2.6. Applying the Forces -- 5.2.6.1. Sail Shape -- 5.2.6.2. Sail Position -- 5.3. Real Sails -- 5.3.1. Pressure Variation -- 5.3.2. Stretching, Bending, and Other Complications -- 5.3.2.1. Stretching -- 5.3.2.2. Gaussian Curvature -- 5.3.2.3. Bending Masts -- 5.3.2.4. Luff Tension -- 5.4. What Really Counts -- 6. Fluid Dynamics -- 6.1. Navier-Stokes Equation -- 6.2. Viscosity -- 6.2.1. Viscosity and Pressure, Lift and Drag -- 6.2.2. Viscosity Defined -- 6.2.2.1. The Centerboard Problem -- 6.2.3. Viscosity Physics -- 6.2.4. Viscosity, Energy, and Dissipation -- 6.3. Reynolds Number -- 6.3.1. Reynolds Number Defined -- 6.3.1.1. The Centerboard Problem: Second Attempt -- 6.4. Boundary Layers -- 6.4.1. Laminar Boundary Layer -- 6.4.1.1. The Centerboard Problem: Third Attempt -- 6.4.2. Turbulence Basics -- 6.4.3. Turbulent Boundary Layer -- 6.4.4. Boundary Layer Separation -- 6.4.4.1. The Centerboard Problem: Final Attempt -- 6.4.4.2. Problems Harder than the Centerboard Problem -- 6.5. Euler Equation -- 6.5.1. D'Alembert's Paradox -- 6.5.2. Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.5.3. Circulation -- 6.5.4. Kutta-joukowski Theorem -- 6.5.5. Lift's Many Explanations -- 6.5.6. Two Dimensions -- 6.6. Why Are Fluids So Complicated? -- 7. Surfaces -- 7.1. An Example -- 7.2. Inadequate Theory -- 7.3. Curiosities -- 7.3.1. Golf Balls -- 7.3.2. Swimming Speeds -- 7.3.3. Shark Imitations -- 7.4. When Is It Smooth Enough? -- 8. Waves and Wakes -- 8.1. Wave Shape -- 8.2. Water Motion -- 8.3. Gravity Waves -- 8.3.1. Wave Frequency -- 8.3.2. Wave Speed -- 8.4. Capillary Waves -- 8.5. Damping -- 8.6. Wind and Waves -- 8.6.1. Flat Water -- 8.6.2. Fetch -- 8.6.3. Wind and Wave Energies -- 8.7. Wave Packets and Group Velocity -- 8.8. An Example -- 8.9. Wakes -- 8.9.1. Properties -- 8.9.1.1. Center Wake -- 8.9.1.2. Side Wakes -- 8.9.2. Wake Energy and Hull Speed -- 8.9.2.1. Two Wakes Merge to One -- 8.9.2.2. Sailing Uphill -- 8.9.2.3. Scaling Model -- 8.9.3. Wake Properties Derived -- 8.10. The Importance of Waves -- 9. Wind -- 9.1. Two Examples -- 9.2. Turbulence -- 9.2.1. Details of the Gusty Breeze -- 9.2.2. Turbulence Theory -- 9.3. Wind up High -- 9.3.1. Results -- 9.3.2. Theory -- 9.4. Weather -- 9.4.1. Predictions and Guesses -- 9.4.2. High-Pressure Systems -- 9.4.3. Low-Pressure and Complications -- 9.4.4. Geography -- 9.5. Apologies -- 10. Strategy -- 10.1. Directions -- 10.1.1. Ideal Sailing Direction -- 10.1.2. Preferred Direction -- 10.1.3. Relation between the Ideal Sailing Direction and the Preferred Direction -- 10.2. Constant Preferred Direction -- 10.2.1. Condition for a Constant Preferred Direction -- 10.2.2. Finish Line -- 10.2.3. Upwind in a Constant Wind -- 10.2.4. Downwind in a Constant Wind -- 10.2.5. Upwind in a Changing Wind -- 10.2.6. Downwind in a Changing Wind -- 10.3. Variable Preferred Direction -- 10.3.1. Rings -- 10.3.2. Sailboat Ring Growth -- 10.3.3. Wind Speed Varies with Position -- 10.3.4. Wind Direction Varies with Position -- 10.4. Current -- 10.5. Least-Time Path -- 10.6. Light Analogy -- 10.7. Mathematical Approach -- 10.8. Predicting the Wind -- 10.8.1. Water's Color -- 10.8.2. Light Reflection and Polarization -- 10.8.3. Scanning the Horizon for Wind -- 10.8.4. WhichDirection Is the Wind Blowing? -- 10.8.5. WhichWay Was the Wind Blowing? -- 10.9. Real Sailing -- 11. Finally.