Discovering arguments : an introduction to critical thinking and writing, with readings / Dean Memering, William Palmer.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos -- Noticing and Thinking -- The process of thinking -- The paradigm shift -- Communicating Clearly and Effectively -- Specific evidence -- Writing an Opinion Essay -- Finding your subject -- Writing Persuasively -- The Persuasive Appeals -- Logos Pathos Ethos -- Thesis Statements -- Evaluating your thesis statement -- Guide for thesis statements in persuasive essays -- Engaging Your Audience -- Titles Introductions Conclusions -- Guide for Evaluating Writing -- INTERCHAPTER 1 Style and Voice -- Diction -- Monosyllabic words Multisyllabic words -- Pretentious writing -- Other Features of Diction -- Specific or general Concrete or abstract -- Literal or figurative Avoid cliches Precise words -- Language and Thought -- Voice -- Features of objective writing -- The writing situation and voice -- Tone -- Analyzing attitude toward readers -- Analyzing attitudes toward subject and self -- Sentence Tools -- Simple sentences Joining complete thoughts: coordination -- Using semicolons to join complete thoughts -- Solving Two Common Sentence Problems -- Comma splices and run-on sentences -- 2. Arguments and Controversies -- Critical Reading and Writing: -- Agree, Disagree or Maybe Both -- Reading Tools -- Asking questions Noticing insights Noticing assumptions -- Noticing overgeneralizations -- Analyzing and Evaluating Two Essays on a Controversy -- Analysis and evaluation of Mitch Albom's essay -- Different ways to present other arguments -- Analysis and evaluation of Thomas Sowell's essay -- Features of outlining Features of summarizing -- Kinds of Evidence for Arguing: Examples, Reasons -- Authorities, Statistics -- Using examples Using reasons -- Using authorities Using statistics -- Writing an Essay about a Local Issue -- Writing a Report to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument -- Guidelines for a report analyzing and evaluating an argument -- Five Essays on Controversial Issues for a Report -- National service Women in combat College or pro sports -- Donating organs Stem cell research -- Writing an Essay with Sources about a Controversy -- Guidelines for writing an essay about a controversy -- Organizing an essay about a controversy -- Rogerian argument Advantages of presenting other arguments first -- Guidelines for organizing an essay about a controversy -- Readings on Controversial Issues: Three Case Studies -- Cheating for Success Same Sex Marriage Affirmative Action -- INTERCHAPTER 2 Voice and Emphasis -- Diction and Repetition -- Repeating words for emphasis Alliteration -- Sentence Tools -- Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination -- Colons and dashes and voice Underlining (italics) and voice -- Parentheses and voice -- Fine-tuning Sentences -- Sentence fragments: pros and cons Conciseness -- Omit needless words I Omit needless words II -- 3. Strategies of Argumentation -- Arguing by Induction and Deduction -- Arguing by Illustration -- Arguing by Narration and Description -- Arguing by Refutation -- Arguing from Comparison -- Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns -- Arguing from Contraries -- Using contradictions and paradoxes -- Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity Either /or thinking -- Arguing from Analogy -- Explaining the mind -- Arguing from Classification -- Arguing from Cause and Effect -- Arguing from Definition -- Digging for roots of words -- Definition Essay Using Various Strategies of Argumentation -- Analyzing and Evaluating an Essay -- Using the Toulmin Strategy to Argue -- Kinds of arguments-kinds of claims Warrants -- Guidelines for increasing the credibility of your arguments -- Toulmin and the Psychology of Argument -- Uncovering hidden values, beliefs, attitudes -- Using the Toulmin Strategy to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument -- Essays to Analyze and Evaluate with the Toulmin Strategy -- INTERCHAPTER 3 Strategies of Repetition -- Sentence Tools -- Parallelism Anaphora Epistrophe -- The Power of Threes in Sentences -- Using threes in sentences: rising order or not -- Varying Sentence Beginnings: Three Ways -- Using -ing phrases Using -ed or -en phrases Using To phrases --

4. Problems in Reasoning -- Finding the Facts -- Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences -- Fallacies -- Problems of Insufficient Evidence -- Overgeneralizing Card stacking Ad ignorantium -- Post hoc ergo propter hoc -- Problems Based on Irrelevant Information -- Ad Baculum Ad hominem Fallacy of opposition -- Genetic Fallacy Guilt by association Ad misericordiam -- Ad Populum Bandwagon Plain folks and snob appeal -- Ad Verecundiam Red herring Weak opponent -- Tu quoque Oversimplification -- Problems of Ambiguity -- Amphibole Begging the question Equivocation -- Loaded language False analogy -- Problems of Faulty Reasoning -- False dilemma (either /or thinking) Non sequitur -- Rationalization Reductio ad absurdum Slippery slope -- Reading and Writing Activities -- INTERCHAPTER 4 Style and Contraries -- Sentence Tools -- Antithesis Antithesis and balanced sentences -- Loose and periodic sentences -- Fine Tuning Sentences -- False starts Active and passive verbs -- 5. Visual Arguments -- Photographs -- News photographs Guidelines for analyzing and evaluating images -- Staged images Documentary photographs -- Fotolog: A new photo phenomenon -- Student essays analyzing and evaluating photographs -- Like a photograph, a painting -- Advertisements -- Commercial ads Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating ads -- Ads for social causes Student essays analyzing and evaluating advertisements -- Cartoons -- Cartoons and creativity Creativity and humor -- Serious cartoons Editorial cartoons -- Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating cartoons -- Student essays analyzing and evaluating cartoons -- Film -- Writing about a film Guidelines for writing a film review -- Organizing your film review Finding and synthesizing sources -- Special considerations for using sources in a film review -- Student film reviews -- INTERCHAPTER 5 Analyzing Style -- Tools of Style -- Guidelines for Writing an Essay Analyzing and Evaluating Style -- Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of a Passage -- Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of an Essay or a Speech -- Essays for Analysis and Evaluation -- 6. Critical Thinking about Poetry, Fiction, and Literary Nonfiction -- Reading and Writing about Poetry -- The language of poetry Elements of poetry -- Diction Imagery Figures of speech: metaphors -- Similes, and symbols Tone Speaker -- Sound patterns Structure Line breaks -- Reading Notebook -- Writing an Essay about a Poem -- Guidelines for writing an essay about a poem -- Student Essay Analyzing and Evaluating a Poem -- Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay -- Reading and Writing about Fiction -- Elements of fiction Plot and conflict Character -- Point of view Setting Moral issues -- Writing an Essay about a Story -- Guidelines for writing an essay about a story -- Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay -- Reading and Writing about Literary Nonfiction -- Writing about a Literary Nonfiction Essay -- 7. Library Strategies -- Research Writing Options -- The informational report The argument paper -- Modern Research -- Start in the Library -- Preliminary reading Locating your research question -- Strategy One: Finding Background Material -- The general encyclopedias Specialized encyclopedias -- Critical thinking in a research notebook -- Strategy Two: Looking for Books -- Bibliographies Online databases and bookstores -- The Library of Congress online Other online sources -- The public access catalog -- Strategy Three: Look for Articles -- Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature Newspaper online archives -- FirstSearch and ProQuest To use popular sources or not -- Professional, technical, and specialty journals -- Strategy Four: Look for Reports, Other Specialized Information -- Government documents, reports Statistical information -- Biographical sources online Book reviews -- Strategy Five: Use Electronic Sources and Microform Readers -- The Working Bibliography -- Writing a Research Proposal -- Giving the background research Describing your project -- Explaining your methods and procedures -- Anticipating problems and requirements in your project -- Discussing the significance of your project -- Listing your works cited or references -- 8. Evaluating Evidence -- Research and the Internet -- Evaluation and the Internet -- Millions of hits Print out Internet material -- What Is a Reliable Site? -- Evaluating Web sites Criteria for Web sites -- Who Is the Author? -- Identifying authors Caution on the Internet -- Authority The establishment bias: an exception -- Guidelines for evaluating authors -- Reliable Information: On the Net and Off -- Context Timely data Documentation and credibility -- Hoaxes, jokes, conspiracies, and frauds -- Guidelines for reliable information -- Understanding Evidence -- Active reading Questioning evidence -- Primary and Secondary Evidence -- A problem solving approach to research The weight of evidence -- Magazines and journals Researchers' rule Examining testimony -- Considering the evidence itself Defining your terms -- Occam's razor: the rule of simplicity Remaining impartial -- Remaining objective Determining relevance Significance -- Claim Persuasion Judging probability -- Evaluating statistical data Problems of questionnaires -- Evaluating the Data: A Test Case -- Summing up the evidence --

9. Documentation -- How Much Documentation? -- Research Problems to Avoid -- The string of pearls Underresearched paper -- Overworking the data Underdocumentation Plagiarism -- Summarizing and Paraphrasing -- Parenthetical References -- What to Document -- Direct quotations Words and ideas from a source -- Paraphrases and restatements Discussing the same source -- Source within a source Content notes -- What Not to Document -- Common knowledge -- In-Text Rules -- Use author's name and signal phrase -- Use name and title for more than one work by same author -- Use shortened titles Use page numbers -- Bibliography -- Authors' names Titles Place of publication -- Shorten publishers' names Copyright date -- Basic Work Cited Model, Book (MLA) -- Basic Work Cited Model, Periodical (MLA) -- Books: MLA Works Cited Models -- One author More than one book by same author -- Author of one book, coauthor of another Two or more authors -- Committee or group author Book with editor(s) -- Essay, chapter, or selection in anthology, edited work -- Translation Multi-volume work Part(s) of multi-volume work -- Reprint of older work Edition Introduction, preface, foreword -- Bible, sacred works Anonymous works Dictionary -- Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models -- Weekly magazine article Magazine article, no author given -- Monthly magazine article Newspaper article -- Newspaper article, unsigned Editorial, signed and unsigned -- Letter to the editor Book review Film review -- Music review Professional, technical, or specialty journal -- Each issue starting with page 1 Professional, technical, or specialty -- Journal, pages numbered continuously throughout year -- Titles and quotes within titles -- Other Sources -- Handout or unpublished essay Lecture, speech, public address -- Film Video recording: television or film Play, performance -- Musical performance Musical composition Recording -- Individual selection from a recording Television show -- Work of art Poem published separately Poem in a collection -- Letter, personal Letter(s), published Personal interview -- Telephone interview Published interview -- A chart, diagram, map, or table A cartoon An advertisement -- Electronic Sources -- Article from a magazine Article from an online newspaper -- Article from an online professional or technical journal -- Online book -- Part of. An online book -- Online government publication CD-ROM -- Work from an online database -- Name and Date Method of Documentation: APA Style -- Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style -- Extended discussion Two or more authors No author -- Author (committee or group) with long name -- Two authors with same name Same author, same year -- Multiple references -- References List in APA Style -- Basic Reference Form, Book (APA) -- Basic Reference Form, Periodicals (APA) -- Books: Reference List Models, APA Style -- One author More than one book by same author -- Author of one book, co-author of another -- Two or more authors Committee or group author -- Book with editor(s) or section in an edited work -- Translation Multi-volume work -- Part(s) of multi-volume work Unsigned work -- Reprint of older work Edition -- Introduction, preface, foreword Dictionary -- Periodicals: Reference List Models, APA Style -- Weekly magazine article Magazine article, no author given -- Monthly magazine article Newspaper article -- Newspaper article, unsigned Editorial, signed and unsigned -- Letter to the editor Book review Film review -- Music review Professional, technical, or specialty journal -- Each issue starting with page 1 Professional, technical, or -- Specialty journal, pages numbered continuously throughout volume -- Titles and quotes within titles -- Other Sources:Reference List Models, APA Style -- Handout or unpublished essay Lecture, speech, public address -- Film Video or DVD: film or television Television show -- Play, performance Recording Individual selection from -- A recording Work of art Poem published separately -- Poem in a collection Letter, personal Letter(s), published -- Personal interview Published interview -- A chart, diagram, map, or table A cartoon An advertisement -- Electronic Sources: Reference List Models, APA Style -- Internet articles based on a print source Article from -- A professional or technical journal Article from an online -- Journal, no print source Article from a magazine -- Article from an online newspaper Online book -- Online government publication Work from an online database -- 10. Writing Your Research Paper -- Researchers as Writers -- Writing an Informational Report -- A model informational report -- Organizing Informational Reports -- Guide for organizing informational reports -- Writing an Argument Paper -- Shaping your thesis Discovering order -- Working through your project -- The Formal Outline -- Revising the preliminary outline -- The Formal Outline Model -- The Abstract -- Title, Introduction, Conclusion -- Organizing Your Paper -- Chronological Order of importance Making concessions -- Writing Clear Paragraphs -- Use unifying devices -- Works Cited or References -- The bibliography rule -- A Model Argument Paper -- Typing Your Paper -- MLA guidelines APA guidelines -- Example title page based on APA guidelines -- APA page models after title page -- Illustrations and Tables -- A Concise Handbook on Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage -- Sentences -- What is a sentence? Finding the subject of a sentence -- Subject and verb agreement problems -- Pronoun agreement problems Clauses, dependent and independent -- Who and whom Appropriate verb tenses Lie and lay -- Revise faulty parallelism Dangling or misplaced modifiers -- Avoid sexist language -- Punctuation -- Period Comma splices and run-on sentences -- Comma Semicolons and a complex series -- For more on semicolons, see Interchapter 1 -- Colons and dashes-see Interchapter 2 Exclamation mark -- Parentheses Brackets Use 'sic' to indicate errors in quotes -- Quotation marks: how to quote from sources -- Copying and quoting Question marks Ellipsis Slash -- Mechanics -- Apostrophe Hyphen Underlining (Italics) -- Capitalization Abbreviations and numbers -- Glossary of Usage.

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