Perspectives on argument / Nancy V. Wood.

Previous ed.: 2001.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

I. Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing -- 1. A Perspective on Argument -- What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument? -- A Definition of Argument -- Recognizing Traditional and Consensual Argument -- Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best? -- Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail? -- Engaging with Issues -- How Should You Engage with Issues? -- Audrey Rock-Richardson I Pay Your Own Way! (Then Thank Mom) -- The Laptop Ate My Attention Span / Abby Ellin -- The Barbie Controversy / Prisna Virasin -- 2. Identifying Your Preferred Argument Style -- The Adversarial and Consensual Styles of Argument -- Individual Styles of Argument -- Influence of Background, Experience, and Role Models -- Influence of Gender -- Influence of Culture -- A Study of the Influence of Students' Gender and Culture on Their Argument Style -- Influence of Nationality -- We Knew What Glory Was / Shirlee Taylor Haizlip -- We'reFighting Terror, But Killing Freedom / Randall Hamud -- A View from Berkeley / Chang-Lin Tien -- Giving People a Second Chance / Ernest Martinez -- One of Our Own: Training Native Teachers for the 21st Century / Suzette Brewer -- Why I Want a Wife / Judy Brady -- A Simple 'Hai' Won't Do / Reiko Hatsumi -- 3. The Rhetorical Situation: Understanding Audience and Context -- Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You Read an Argument -- Text -- Reader -- Author -- Constraints -- Exigence -- Example of an Analysis of a Rhetorical Situation from the Reader's Point of View -- Use the Rhetorical Situation When You Write Argument -- What Is the Exigence? -- Who Is the Reader or Audience? -- What Are Some of the Constraints? -- Who is the Author? -- How Should the Text Be Developed to Fit the Situation? -- Example of an Analysis of a Rhetorical Situation When You Are the Writer -- Conducting an Audience Analysis -- Determine the Audience's Initial Position and Consider How it Might Change -- Analyze the Audience's Discourse Community -- Analyze and Adapt to a Familiar Audience -- Construct an Unfamiliar Audience -- 'A' Is for 'Absent' / Chris Piper -- Driving Down the Highway, Mourning the Death of American Radio / Brent Staples -- 4. Reading, Thinking, and Writing About Issues -- Getting Started on a Writing Assignment -- Analyze the Assignment and Allocate Time -- Identify an Issue, Narrow It, and Test It -- Do Some Initial Writing, Reading, and Thinking -- Talk It Through -- Read to Develop Arguments for Your Paper -- Recognizing Written Argument -- Academic Argument -- Read While Continuing to Think and Write -- Survey and Skim to Save Time -- Identify and Read the Information in the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion -- Look for Claims, Subclaims, Support, and Transitions -- Read with an Open Mind and Analyze the Common Ground between You and the Author -- Understand the Key Words -- Underline, Annotate, and Summarize Ideas -- Write Outlines or Maps -- Take Notes and Avoid Plagiarism -- Write Your Paper, Read It, Think About It, and Revise It -- Refocus Your Issue and Reconsider Your Audience -- Make an Extended Outline to Guide Your Writing -- Write the First Draft -- Break Through Writer's Block -- Revise the Draft -- Organize Your Own Process for Reading, Thinking and Writing About Issues -- Practice Your Process by Writing These Papers -- The Summary-Response Paper -- The Summary-Analysis-Response Paper -- The Exploratory Paper -- How to Write an Exploratory Paper -- Submit Your Paper for Peer Review -- Cloning Nine Lives + One / Karen Breslau -- A Lifelong Activist's Last Fight / Kevin Fedarko -- The Year That Changed Everything / Lance Morrow -- Kids and Chores: All Work and No Pay? / Jeff D. Opdyke -- The Controversy Behind Barbie. / Prisna Virasin --

II. Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing -- 5. The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model -- The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty -- The Parts of an Argument according to the Toulmin Model -- Claim -- Support -- Warrants -- Backing -- Rebuttal -- Qualifiers -- Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading and Writing Argument -- Sense of Community Advertisement -- Practice finding the claim, support, and warrants in an advertisement for joining the military -- What's Happened to Disney Films? / John Evans -- Toulmin Analysts of 'What's Happened to Disney Films? / Beth Brunk -- American Value Systems / Richard D. Rieke and Malcolm O. Sillars -- 6. Types of Claims -- Getting a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument -- Five Types of Claims -- Claims of Fact -- Claims of Definition -- Claims of Cause -- Claims of Value -- Claims of Policy -- Claims and Argument in Real Life -- Value of the Claims and the Claim Questions for Reading and Writing Argument -- Debunking the Digital Divide / Robert Samuelson -- Zygotes and People Aren't Quite the Same / Michael S. Gazzaniga -- Paying the Price of Female Neglect / Susan Dentzer -- What's Wrong with Standard Tests? / Ted Sizer -- Doctors Call for Fair Competition -- Let's Stop Scaring Ourselves / Michael Crichton -- Unintelligent Design / Jim Holt -- When It's All Too Much / Barry Schwartz -- Devising New Math to Define Poverty / Louis Uchitelle -- No Need to Stew: A Few Tips to Cope with Life's Annoyance. / Ian Urgina -- Bringing Up Adultolescents / Peg Tyre -- 7. Types of Proof -- The Traditional Categories of Proof -- Types of Logical Proof: Logos -- A Mnemonic Device -- Argument from Sign -- Argument from Induction -- Argument from Cause -- Argument from Deduction -- Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy -- Argument from Definition -- Argument from Statistics -- Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos -- Argument from Authority -- Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos -- Motivational Proofs -- Value Proofs -- A Mnemonic Device -- Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated through Language and Style -- Language That Appeals to Logic -- Language That DevelopsEthos -- Language That Appeals to Emotion -- Ethics and Morality in Argument -- Value of the Proofs for Reading and Writing Argument -- Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisement -- Evaluate how proofs are used in an advertisement -- Campus Climate Control / Katie Roiphe -- The Good Enough Mother / Anna Quindlen -- The Declaration of Independence / Thomas Jefferson -- 8. The Fallacies or Pseudoproofs -- Fallacies in Logic -- Fallacies That Affect Character or Ethos -- Emotional Fallacies -- Vitamin Advertisement -- Practice finding the fallacies in an advertisement -- The Latest from the Feminist 'Front" / Rush Limbaugh -- Minor Problems? / Kelly Dickerson -- Used to plan and write argument papers -- 9. Rogerian Argument and Common Ground -- Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument -- Rogerian Argument as Strategy -- Writing Rogerian Argument -- Variations of Rogerian Argument -- The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument -- We Won't Let This War Pull Us Apart / Marykate Morse -- Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option? / Angela A. Boatwright -- Let Those Who Ride Decide / Eric Hartman -- Dear Boss / Elizabeth Nabhan -- Appendix To Chapter 9: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading and Writing Argument -- Rhetorical Situation for Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' -- Reading the Letters and Reporting to the Class -- Letters for Analysis -- A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen -- -- Letter from Birmingham Jail / Martin Luther King Jr --

III. Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument -- 10. The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience -- Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started -- Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose -- Questions to Plan Claim and Purpose -- Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim -- Developing a Research Plan -- Understanding the Audience -- Analyzing Your Class as Your Audience -- Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience -- Using Information about Your Audience -- New Yorker Cartoon -- 11. The Research Paper: Research and Invention -- Get Organized for Research -- Locating Sources for Research -- Learn to Use the Library's Online Catalog -- Learn to Find a Library Book -- Use Library Subscription Services to Find Articles -- Learn to Use Research Navigator -- Learn to Find a Printed Journal or Magazine Article -- Learn to Find Newspaper Articles -- Learn to Find Reference Materials and Government Documents -- Make Appropriate Use of the World Wide Web -- Evaluate Both Print and Online Sources -- Analyze the Author's Purpose -- Analyze the Rhetorical Situation of Your Sources -- Evaluate the Credibility of Your Sources -- Create a Bibliography -- Survey, Skim, and Read Selectively -- Develop a System for Taking and Organizing Your Notes -- Two Invention Strategies to Help You Think Creatively about Your Research and Expand Your Own Ideas -- Use Burke's Pentad to Get the Big Picture and Establish Cause -- Use Chains of Reasons to Develop Lines of Argument -- Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography. / Angela A. Boatwright -- 12. The Research Paper Organizing, Writing, and Revising -- Classical Organization of Arguments -- The Six Parts of Classical Organization -- Classical and Modern Organization -- Use Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize -- Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim) -- Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause) -- Applied Criteria -- Problem-Solution -- Chronology or Narrative -- Deduction -- Induction -- Comparison and Contrast -- Incorporate Ideas from Your Exploratory Paper -- How to Match Patterns and Support to Claims -- Outline Your Paper and Cross-Reference Your Notes -- Incorporating Research into Your First Draft -- Clearly Identify Words and Ideas from Outside Sources to Avoid Plagiarism -- Document Your Sources -- Make Revisions and Prepare the Final Copy -- Appendix To Chapter 12: How To Document Sources Using Mla and Apa Styles -- MLA: How to Cite Sources in the Body of the Text -- MLA: How to Cite Sources in the "Works Cited" Page -- MLA: Student Paper in MLA Style -- The Big Barbie Controversy / Prisna Virasin -- Questions on the Researched Position Paper, MLA Style -- APA: How to Cite Sources in the Body of the Text -- APA: How to Cite Soruces in the "References" Page -- APA: Student Paper in APA Style -- Alaskan Wolf Management / Darrell D. Greer -- Questions on the Researched Position Paper, APA Style -- Argument and Literature / IV. Further Applications: Visual and Oral Argument -- 13. Visual and Oral Argument -- Recognizing Visual and Oral Arugument -- Why Visual Argument Is Convincing: Eight Special Features -- Why Oral Argument Is Convincing: Four Special Features -- Using Argument Theory to Critique Visual and Oral Argument -- Sample Analysis of a Visual Argument -- Add Visual Argument to Support Written and Oral Argument -- Create Visual Arguments That Stand Alone -- EduGene Cloning Kit -- This visual argument expresses a point of view on modern technology -- I. Have a Dream ( Martin Luther King Jr. ) -- Color Portfolio of Visual Arguments and Questions for Discussion and Writing -- Plate 1: The West Bank Barrier Built by Israel -- Plate 2: Buzz Aldrin on the Moon -- Plate 3: Bringing Up Adultolescents -- Plate 4: The Creation of Adam -- Plate 5: Play Ball -- Plate 6: Robot with Grappler Holding a Wounded Palestinian -- Plate 7: Hands -- Plate 8: Tree near El Paso, Texas -- Plate 9: Will the Human Soul Be Next? -- Plate 10: Art (student example of visual argument) -- 14. Argument and Literature -- Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature -- What Is at Issue? What Is the Claim? -- Characters Making Arguments -- Writing Arguments about Literature -- Theme for English B. / Poem: Langstom Hughes -- Totally like whatever, you know? / Taylor Mali -- Mending Wall / Poem: Robert Frost -- The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas / Short Story: Ursula K. Le Guin -- A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country / Argument in a Literary Essay: Jonathan Swift -- TRACE: The Rhetorical Situation -- The Process: Reading and Writing -- The Toulmin Model -- Types of Claims -- Types of Proof and Tests of Validity -- V. The Reader -- Introduction to 'The Reader': Reading and Writing about Issue Areas -- Purpose of 'The Reader' -- How to Use 'The Reader' -- Questions to Help You Read Critically and Analytically -- Questions to Help You Read Creatively and Move from Reading to Writing -- Section I: Issues concerning Families and Personal Relationships -- A. What Is the Status of the Traditional American Family? How Far Are We Willing To Go To Establish Alternatives? -- -- Nostalgia as Ideology / Stephanie Coontz -- Arguments Against Same-Sex Marriage / James C. Dobson -- Marriage As We See It / Chris Glaser -- -- The Childless Revolution / Madelyn Cain -- B. What Causes Personal Relationships To Succeed Or Fail? -- -- The Mystery of Attraction / Harville Hendrix -- Whatever Happened to Teen Romance? / Benoit Denizet-Lewis -- The Man Date / Jennifer Lee -- State of the Union / Jay Walljasper -- The Second Shift / Sylvia Ann Hewlett -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Families and Personal Relationships -- Section II: Issues concerning Modern Technology -- A. How Do Computers and the Internet Affect the People Who Use Them? -- -- Youths Adopt, Drive Technological Advances / Martha Irvine -- What Adolescents Miss When We Let Them Grow Up in Cyberspace / Brent Staples -- The Boss in the Machine / Ellen Ullman -- B. What Policies Should Govern the Use of Human Stem Cells in Research and Medicine? -- -- The Other Stem-Cell Debate. / Jamie Shreeve -- Price to Pay: The Misuse of Embryos / Amy Laura Hall -- Bioethics Panel Suggests Stem Cell Alternatives / Nicholas Wade -- Ethics of a New Science / Claudia Wallis -- D. What Policies Should Govern Genetic Engineering of Humans? -- -- Reprogenetics: A Glimpse of Things to Come / Lee M. Silver -- Ultimate Therapy: Commercial Eugenics in the 21st Century. / Jeremy Rifkin -- Better Living through Genetics / James Wood -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Modern Technology -- Section III: Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals -- A. How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals? -- -- Reflections from a Life Behind Bars: Build Colleges, Not Prisons. / James Gilligan -- Uncaptive Minds: What Teaching a College-Level Class at a Maximum Security Correctional Facility Did for the Inmates-And for Me / Ian Buruma -- Richard Taylor Getting Tough on Crime -- A Beaten Path Back to Prison. / Jennifer Gonnerman -- B. What Should Be Done With Young Offenders? -- -- The Characteristics of Youth / Aristotle -- Too Young to Die / Claudia Wallis -- A Brain Too Young for Good Judgment / Daniel R. Weinberger -- Not So Alone / Gerand Jones -- Out of Jail, into Temptation: A Day in a Life / Alan Feuer -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Crime and the Treatment of Criminals --

IV. Issues concerning Race, Culture, and Identify -- A. How Do Race and Culture Contribute To an Individual's Sense of Identity? -- -- The Matter of Whiteness / Richard Dyer -- DNA Test Gives Students Ethnic Shocks / Emma Daly -- Documented / Undocumented / Guillermo Gomez-Pena -- On Being a Conceptual Anomaly. / Dorinne K. Kondo -- A Japanese American describes her conflict in returning to Japan, where she is expected to observe Japanese cultural traditions -- B. To What Extent Should Individuals Allow Their Cultural Heritage To Be Assimilated? -- -- Asian Identity Crisis / Yahlin Chang -- Educating Ourselves into Coexistence / Anouar Majid -- American Jews and the Problem of Identity / Edward S. Shapiro -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Race, Culture, and Identity -- Section V: Issues Associated with Civic Responsibility -- A. Who Is Responsible for the Welfare of Disadvantaged Individuals: Government Agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations Such As Churches and Charities, Or the Disadvantaged Themselves? -- -- Between Hammers and Anvils / Jim Wright -- Report Finds AmeriCorps Fosters Greater Sense of Civic Responsibility / David Tarrant -- For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility / David Neff -- -- September 11, 2001: The Case for Universal Service / Robert E. Litan -- Becoming a Community Organizer / Barack Obama -- B. To What Extent Is the Individual Citizen Responsible for Contributing To the Larger Society? -- -- Inaugural Address / John F. Kennedy -- The Absurd Effort to Make the World Over / William Graham Sumner -- Because We Can, We Do / Tracy Kidder -- Love of Country: Patriotism Born of a Grandfather's Inspiration / Norman Lear -- -- From Long Walk to Freedom / Nelson Mandela -- The Americorps Experience: Two Students' Perspectives / David Brankey and Dianna Ball -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Civic Responsibility -- Section VI: Issues Associated with Poverty -- A. Can World Poverty Be Eliminated? What May Be Effective? -- -- The End of Poverty / Jeffrey D. Sachs -- -- U. N. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) -- A Better Way to Fight Poverty -- Four Billion New Consumers / C. K. Pranahad and Allen L. Hammond -- The Progression from Poverty to Profit-for All -- How Can the Impoverished Many, Who Need a Hand Up, Help the Rich Corporate Few, Who Have Reached a Profit Plateau in the Developed World. / Andy Goldberg -- B. Can Individuals in the United States Work Their Way Out of Poverty If They Want To Do So? -- -- Poverty: The Forgotten Crusade / James Patterson and Peter Kim -- At the Edge of Poverty / David K. Shipler -- Fifteen Years on the Bottom Rung / Anthony DePalma -- Class and the American Dream -- Bankruptcy Reform Hits Women Hard / Marilyn Gardner -- Questions to Help You Think and Write about Poverty -- Section VII: Issues concerning War and Peace -- A. Is War Inevitable? -- The Moral Equivalent of War / William James -- Warfare: An Invention-Not a Biological Necessity / Margaret Mead -- War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning / Chris Hedges -- B. How Do People Justify War? -- -- At War with Themselves / Haim Watzman -- Why We Fight / William J. Bennett -- How Can We Understand Their Hatred? / Elie Wiesel -- C. What Might Help Establish Peace? -- -- Getting to Peace / William L. Ury -- The Atomic Bomb / Richard Rhodes -- All You Need Is Love / Bruce Hoffman.

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